World History Final Prehistory Prehistory before written records

World History Final

Prehistory • Prehistory: before written records. – Think cavemen. • Paleolithic Era: nomadic hunter-gatherers

Neolithic Era (AKA Humans get their stuff together) • Neolithic Era/Neolithic Revolution: people stop wandering around. Start to farm in one place – Creates CIVILIZATION. (FYI - This is a big deal) – Domestication: breeding plants and animals to be more useful to humans – Pastoralists: nomads with herds of domestic animals (like sheep, cows, etc. ) – Division of Labor: not everyone runs around for food. Some people specialize in other areas. (like buildings. Buildings are cool. )

Early Civilizations • First civilizations built around rivers – Good soil/weather = more food = more people • Government structures – City-State: unit based on a city government and surrounding area – Dynasty: throne passes down through family line – Theocracy: gov’t ruled by religious figures

Early Religions • Most early religions are Polytheistic: belief in many gods – Hinduism • Hebrews create first religion that is Monotheistic: belief in one god – Judaism Mono = one…. . Poly = many!

Writing • Earliest writing systems – Cuneiform (Sumer) and Hieroglyphics (Egypt) • Hammurabi’s Code- first written legal code (Babylon) • Phoenicians- developed the first alphabet

Early India/China • India – Gupta Empire: India’s Golden Age. Center of trade/culture. Hinduism spread and Sanskrit Literature developed • China – Shi Huangdi: unites China under Qin Dynasty. Follows Legalism (people are bad and need a harsh strong ruler) – Han Dynasty : Civil Service exam and starts Silk Roads

Greece • Polis – Greek city state – Democracy: people rule – Monarchy: King/Queen – Oligarchy: a few people rule • Athens was the first direct Democracy – Super cultural, lots of great philosophers – Homer wrote The Iliad and Odyssey • Sparta was a warrior society, oligarchy

Alexander the Great • Conquered all of Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and India. – Spread Greek culture and language all across the world (Hellenistic World)

Rome • Two major classes – Patricians – Elite ruling class – Plebians – Common people • Government: Republic (elected officials) – Senate: leading patricians – Tribunes: elected by plebians – Two Consuls elected for only one year

Rome • Julius Caesar declared Dictator for Life – After his assasination, Civil war between Marc Antony and Octavian (Augustus) • Augustus won, named Emperor – Roman Republic -> Roman Empire • Pax Romana: Time of peace with good emperors – Spread Latin Language across Europe – Spread Christianity under Emperor Constantine

Warm Up

African Kingdoms • Geography – Sahara – largest desert in the world – Savanna – large grassland – Very little farmable land = Pastoralist lifestyle • Major Kingdoms – Axum: trading center, converted to Christianity – Ghana: exported gold, imported salt in transsaharan trade – Mali: Muslim west-Africa, led by Mansa Musa • Arab Muslims expanded slave trade

Byzantine Empire • Eastern Roman Empire survived – Constantinople = capital • Emperor Justinian reclaims most of Rome’s old land – Justinian Code: updated roman law code. Basis for all European law in Middle Ages • Great Schism – Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

Dark Ages (Early Middle Ages) • Chaos in W. Europe after fall of the W. Roman Empire – Battle of Tours – Europeans defeat Muslim Invaders • Charlemagne – first Holy Roman Emperor, tries to recreate the culture and religion of Roman Empire • Vikings do Viking stuff.

Feudal System

Middle Ages • Pope was over all Christian Kings • Pope Urban II called for Crusades against Muslims in Holy Land – Ultimately unsuccessful, BUT did encourage more trade between Europeans and the east – Reintroduced ancient works to Europe

Late Middle Ages • Kings get more power after Crusades – Except in England: Magna Carta gives more rights to nobles and citizens • Reconquista: Christians in Spain push out Muslim invaders • Food production becomes more efficient = people begin to move to cities • Guild system: regulates trade and production • Black Death: kills 1/3 of population. Survivors get paid more and have more rights

Renaissance • Begins in Italy – trade center • Humanism : intellectual movement – Inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman learning – Individuals can achieve greatness through effort – Mostly secular (non-religious) • Machiavelli: Political philosopher – Humans are naturally self-centered – Rulers should gain power by any means

Renaissance • Da Vinci: “Renaissance Man” – painted, sculpted, invented, studied math, science, and anatomy • Guttenberg: Invents the Printing Press with moveable type – Ideas spread quickly – Better access to learning

Protestant Reformation • Problems with the Church: power over everyone, excommunication, indulgences etc. • Martin Luther publishes 95 theses, begins Protestant Reformation – John Calvin believed in Predestination – Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Counter Reformation – Council of Trent and Inquisition

How do I write a short-answer response? • Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it?

How do I write a short-answer response? Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it? The Recipe: 1. State your claim/opinion § The Spanish Armada was launched to invade England overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I in favor of a Catholic ruler. 2. Answer pt. 2 of question and back it up § The mission was ultimately unsuccessful. Spain’s ships were destroyed by storms off the English coast and those that remained fell to England’s use of fire ships. 3. Explain the SIGNIFICANCE! § The destruction of the Armada represented Spain’s decline and the rise of Britain as a global empire.

How do I write a short-answer response? Why was the Spanish Armada launched and what happened to it? The Spanish Armada was launched to invade England overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I in favor of a Catholic ruler. The mission was ultimately unsuccessful. Spain’s ships were destroyed by storms off the English coast and those that remained fell to England’s use of fire ships. The destruction of the Armada represented Spain’s decline and the rise of Britain as a global empire.

Try this! • Analyze the initial responses of China and Japan to imperialism by Western powers. Then, using specific examples, compare the long-term consequences of those responses during this time period.