World History Connection to Today Chapter 33 Section

World History: Connection to Today Chapter 33, Section Chapter 33 Europe and North America (1945–Present) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

World History: Connection to Today Chapter 33, Section Chapter 33: Europe and North America (1945–Present) Section 1: The Western World: An Overview Section 2: The Western European Democracies Section 3: North American Prosperity Section 4: The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower Section 5: A New Era in Eastern Europe Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 33, Section 1 The Western World: An Overview • What issues troubled Europe after the Cold War? • How have recent economic and political trends affected the West? • How has Europe moved toward greater unity? • How have social trends changed the West?

Chapter 33, Section 1 Europe After the Cold War • Russia and the nations of Eastern Europe turned to the West for loans and investments to build capitalist economies. • Ethnic clashes, especially in the Balkans, created conflicts that threatened European peace. • The nuclear peril, although reduced, still remained. • NATO faced the debate as to whether it should become Europe’s peacekeeper and protector of human rights.

Chapter 33, Section 1 Economic and Political Trends Postwar governments in France, Italy, and Germany adopted many policies favored by the left. THE WELFARE STATE After 1945, governments extended the welfare state. Governments took on a larger role in national economies. Conservatives condemned the drift from the free enterprise system toward socialism. THE OIL SHOCK In 1973, OPEC cut oil production and raised prices. The higher prices caused inflation and slowed economic growth. In 1979, OPEC again raised prices, triggering a severe recession, in which business slowed and unemployment rates rose. ECONOMIC SHIFTS The West faced growing competition from other parts of the world, causing many factories to close. Economies changed when most new jobs were created in service industries. The gap between the rich and the poor grew.

Chapter 33, Section 1 Welfare-State Spending in Britain, 1975 – 1980

Chapter 33, Section 1 Toward European Unity • In 1952, six nations — France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg — set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This agency set prices and regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. • In 1957, the same six nations formed the European Community (EC) or Common Market. Its goal was free trade. It also set up the European Parliament. • In 1973, Britain, Denmark, and Ireland were admitted to the Common Market. • In the 1980 s and 1990 s, the Common Market expanded and took on the name European Union (EU). The EU pushed for complete economic unity and greater political unity.

Chapter 33, Section 1 European Union, 1957 – 2000

Chapter 33, Section 1 Social Trends Social change speeded up after 1945. SOCIAL CLASSES Class lines blurred as prosperity spread. More and more people joined the middle class. Most people faced greater opportunities. WOMEN ETHNIC DIVERSITY Since the 1950 s, many immigrants from former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean had settled in Europe. Some Europeans resented the newcomers. Many immigrants faced discrimination and segregation. FAMILY LIFE Women in the West made progress toward legal and economic equality. Western families had fewer children than in the past. Women narrowed the gender gap in hiring, promotion, and pay. Children stayed in school longer. The divorce rate climbed.

Chapter 33, Section 1 Migration to Western Europe

Chapter 33, Section 1 Assessment When OPEC raised oil prices, European economies a) thrived. b) restructured so as not to be dependent on OPEC oil. c) slowed. d) were unaffected. Which of the following was an original member of the European Union? a) Britain b) Spain c) Finland d) West Germany Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 1 Assessment When OPEC raised oil prices, European economies a) thrived. b) restructured so as not to be dependent on OPEC oil. c) slowed. d) were unaffected. Which of the following was an original member of the European Union? a) Britain b) Spain c) Finland d) West Germany Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 2 The Western European Democracies • How did Britain’s policies change after World War II? • How did French power and prosperity revive? • How did Germany reunify? • What problems have other democratic nations faced?

Chapter 33, Section 2 Britain: Changing Policies POST WORLD WAR II THE WELFARE STATE WORLD ROLE 1970 s 1990 s Voters elected the Labour party and created the welfare state. Voters elected the Conservative party and reduced social welfare programs. Voters elected the Labour party, which pledged to follow a “third way” between the traditional right and left. Britain gave up global leadership to the United States, but remained a leader in the UN and NATO. Britain joined the Common Market. British nationalism led some leaders to reject greater European unity.

Chapter 33, Section 2 France: Revival and Prosperity France emerged from World War II greatly weakened. The Fourth Republic, set up in 1946, was ineffective. Bloody colonial wars in Algeria and Vietnam drained and demoralized the country. In 1958, Charles de Gaulle set up the Fifth Republic. He made peace with Algeria and gave up other French colonies and worked to restore French prestige and power. In the 1980 s, French socialists, led by Francois Mitterand, won power as a global recession hit. The economic crisis forced Mitterand to encourage the growth of private business. In 1995, Jacques Chirac took a very conservative approach and cut government spending. Over the years, France has built the fourth largest economy in the world.

Chapter 33, Section 2 How Did Germany Reunify? • In 1969, West German chancellor Willy Brandt tried to ease tensions with East Germany. • In 1989, as Soviet communism declined, Germany was able to move toward reunification. Without Soviet backing, East German leaders were ousted. People from both Germanys tore down the Berlin Wall. • In 1990, German votes approved reunification.

Chapter 33, Section 2 Other Democratic Nations ITALY SPAIN Political divisions and regional differences led to instability. Corruption, financial scandals, and the Mafia added to the instability. Despite these problems, Italy made economic gains and ranked as a leading industrial nation. Spain was economically underdeveloped with a large peasant population. PORTUGAL Portugal was economically underdeveloped with a large peasant population. When the authoritarian government finally collapsed, Portugal adopted a democratic government. Portugal’s economy grew rapidly. When Francisco Franco finally died, Spain adopted a democratic government. The Spanish economy grew rapidly. GREECE In 1967, military rulers came to power. Greece and Turkey almost went to war over Cyprus. In 1975, Greece returned to democratic rule.

Chapter 33, Section 2 Assessment Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic? a) Jacques Chirac b) Francois Mitterand c) Charles de Gaulle d) Napoleon Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus? a) Turkey and Spain b) Italy and Turkey c) Greece and Portugal d) Turkey and Greece Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 2 Assessment Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic? a) Jacques Chirac b) Francois Mitterand c) Charles de Gaulle d) Napoleon Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus? a) Turkey and Spain b) Italy and Turkey c) Greece and Portugal d) Turkey and Greece Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 3 North American Prosperity • What actions has the United States taken as a global superpower? • What developments have shaped the economy, government, and society of the United States? • What issues has Canada faced in recent years?

Chapter 33, Section 3 The United States: A Global Superpower The United States built bases overseas and organized military alliances from Europe to Southeast Asia. The United States provided economic aid to help Europe rebuild and to assist emerging nations. The United States became involved in the Korean and Vietnam wars in hopes of preventing the spread of communism. As conflicts erupted in various regions, the United States tried to resolve some of them: • In 1991, it led a multinational force against Iraqi invaders of Kuwait. • It provided peacekeeping forces to end bloody civil wars in Bosnia and Kosovo.

Chapter 33, Section 3 American Economy and Government ECONOMY GOVERNMENT In the postwar decades, American businesses expanded into markets around the globe. During the 1960 s, the government expanded social programs to help the poor and disadvantaged. American industries faced competition from Asian and other nations. The government’s role in the economy grew. In the 1980 s, conservatives challenged the growth of government and reduced spending on social programs. At the same time, military spending increased. In the 1980 s, government spending and tax cuts greatly increased the national budget deficit. America entered the twenty-first century enjoying peace, prosperity, and unrivaled military power. In the 1990 s, the economy rebounded.

Chapter 33, Section 3 Civil Rights and Society During the 1950 s and 1960 s, many social changes took place. Some were linked to the civil rights movement that set out to end discrimination and ensure equal rights for all Americans. • Many states denied equality to various minority groups. They faced legal segregation, or separation, in education and housing, and discrimination in jobs and voting. • By 1956, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement. King organized boycotts and led peaceful marches to end segregation in the United States. • Congress outlawed segregation. Despite this, racial prejudice survived and poverty and unemployment still plagued many African Americans.

Chapter 33, Section 3 What Issues Has Canada Faced in Recent Years? • Since the 1950 s, Canada has become increasingly diverse, with newcomers from Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. • Quebec’s French-speaking people demanded more autonomy within Canada. Some Canadians favored separatism. • Many Canadians have resented the cultural domination of their neighbor, the United States. • Economic competition with the United States led to the creation of the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA). • Canada and the United States agreed to work together for a common solution to the problem of pollution.

Chapter 33, Section 3 Assessment During the 1980 s, social programs in the United States were a) expanded. b) reduced. c) left unchanged. d) completely eliminated. Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the creation of a) NAFTA. b) an independent Quebec. c) the UN. d) the European Union. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 3 Assessment During the 1980 s, social programs in the United States were a) expanded. b) reduced. c) left unchanged. d) completely eliminated. Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the creation of a) NAFTA. b) an independent Quebec. c) the UN. d) the European Union. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 4 The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower • What ideas guided Soviet political, economic, and foreign policy? • Why did the Soviet Union collapse? • What problems have Russia and the other republics faced since the fall of the Soviet Union?

Chapter 33, Section 4 Soviet Government and Economy GOVERNMENT ECONOMY Khrushchev pursued a policy of de-Stalinization and sought a thaw in the Cold War. Collectivized agriculture remained unproductive. Brezhnev suppressed dissidents, people who spoke out against the government. The Soviet Union could not match the free-market economies of the West in producing consumer goods. The Soviet Union rebuilt its shattered industries. People spent hours waiting on line to buy food and other goods. Citizens enjoyed benefits such as low rent, cheap bread, free health care, and day care for children. Because workers had lifetime job security, they had little incentive to produce better-quality goods.

Chapter 33, Section 4 Soviet Foreign Policy EASTERN EUROPE DEVELOPING WORLD Stalin and his successors asserted Soviet control over Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union sought allies among the developing nations. Khrushchev set up the Warsaw Pact to suppress dissent within Eastern Europe. The Soviets offered military and economic aid in order to win and keep allies. UNITED STATES Soviet-American relations swung back and forth between confrontation and détente.

Chapter 33, Section 4 Collapse of the Soviet Union: Cause and Effect Long-Term Causes Low output of crops and consumer goods Cold War led to high military spending Ethnic and nationalist movements Denial of rights and freedoms Immediate Causes War with Afghanistan Food and fuel shortages Demonstrations in the Baltic states Gorbachev’s rise to power Effects Soviet Union breaks up into 15 republics Russian republic approves a new constitution Changeover to market economy in Russia Cold War ends War in Chechnya

Chapter 33, Section 4 Problems in The Russian Republic • The changeover to a market economy caused unemployment to soar and prices to skyrocket. • Criminals flourished, and gangs preyed on the new business class. • In 1998, Russia defaulted, or failed to make payments, on much of its foreign debt. • The value of Russia’s currency collapsed. People lost their savings and their jobs. • Minorities within Russia sought greater autonomy or independence.

Chapter 33, Section 4 The Other Republics • The new nations faced unrest, corruption, and political divisions. • In some countries, authoritarian rulers gained power. • Ethnic conflict erupted in republics with a mix of national groups. • Other conflicts arose over border disputes. • The new nations endured hard times as they switched to market economies.

Chapter 33, Section 4 Assessment Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization? a) Brezhnev b) Khrushchev c) Stalin d) Yeltsin Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union? a) war with Afghanistan b) the end of the Cold War c) Gorbachev’s rise to power d) food and fuel shortages Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 4 Assessment Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization? a) Brezhnev b) Khrushchev c) Stalin d) Yeltsin Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union? a) war with Afghanistan b) the end of the Cold War c) Gorbachev’s rise to power d) food and fuel shortages Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 5 A New Era in Eastern Europe • How did Eastern European nations oppose Soviet domination and strive for democracy? • What were the effects of the fall of communism? • What were the causes and effects of civil war in Yugoslavia?

Chapter 33, Section 5 Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 1945 After World War II, Soviet armies occupy much of Eastern Europe. 1949 Most Eastern European countries are under communist rule. 1956 Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact and ends oneparty rule; Soviet troops crush Hungarian uprising. 1968 Czechoslovakia introduces reforms; Soviets use force to restore communist dictatorship. 1980 Polish government, under Soviet pressure, cracks down on trade union movement and arrests its leaders.

Chapter 33, Section 5 Fall of Communist Governments • • Eastern European countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and requested that Soviet troops leave. Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments and free-market economies. The many changes contributed to rising inflation, high unemployment, and crime waves. Consumer goods became more plentiful, but many people could not afford them. Former communists were sometimes returned to office when people became disillusioned with reform. In the 1990 s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for aid. Ethnic tension arose is some areas.

Chapter 33, Section 5 New Nations in Eastern Europe

Chapter 33, Section 5 Civil War in Yugoslavia CAUSES EFFECTS Yugoslavia consisted of a broad Tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims were killed in a mixture of ethnic and religious campaign of ethnic cleansing. groups. The Balkan region remained Tito had silenced nationalist unstable. and religious unrest for decades. When he died, nationalism tore New nations needed massive aid to rebuild. Yugoslavia apart. Large numbers of refugees Communism fell. remained in temporary shelter for years after the war. Four of the six republics declared independence. Ethnic feuds were hard to contain.

Chapter 33, Section 5 Assessment What happened when Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact? a) The Soviet Union granted Hungary’s independence. b) Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising. c) Other Eastern European countries also withdrew. d) Hungary was permitted to install a democratic government. Which of the following was not a former territory of Yugoslavia? a) Slovenia b) Croatia c) Bulgaria d) Bosnia-Herzegovina Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Chapter 33, Section 5 Assessment What happened when Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact? a) The Soviet Union granted Hungary’s independence. b) Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising. c) Other Eastern European countries also withdrew. d) Hungary was permitted to install a democratic government. Which of the following was not a former territory of Yugoslavia? a) Slovenia b) Croatia c) Bulgaria d) Bosnia-Herzegovina Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.