World History CHAPTER 4 THE ATLANTIC WORLD PAGES

World History CHAPTER 4 THE ATLANTIC WORLD PAGES 119 -141 REVISED AUGUST 2014

SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE � Section 1 � Pages 119 -126 � Empire Building � The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas.

1. WHY DID COLUMBUS BELIEVE HE HAD REACHED ASIA? WHO FINANCED HIM? � His figures about the size of the earth were wrong. � He did not know the Americas lay across the Atlantic. Thus he never reached Asia. � Instead he ended up on an island in the Caribbean. � The Taino people met with Columbus. � Columbus called the natives “los indios” which translated into Indian. � Columbus claimed the land for Spain and called it San Salvador or “Holy Savior”. � This event would bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. � Spain’s Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand financed him. �

2. DESCRIBE COLUMBUS’ JOURNEY. � Christopher Columbus (1492) Italian � Wanted to sail west from Spain to reach China (West Indies) � Funded by King Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain � Sailed in three ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria) � Had no idea that the Americas lay across the Atlantic and his theory on the size of the earth was completely wrong. � As a result, when Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean after a two month journey, he thought he had reached the Asian islands known as the Indies. � Called the natives Indians. (Taino) � Columbus returned to Spain in 1493 with many exotic items including: parrots, jewels, gold, and plants unknown to Europe. � He also brought back several Native Americans. � Believing he had discovered a new route to Asia, the Spanish hailed Columbus as a hero. � Columbus eventually made 3 more journeys to the Americas, still believing he had reached Asia. � His error was not realized until about 1502.

3. WHAT ACTIONS SHOWED THAT COLUMBUS HAD AN INTEREST IN EMPIRE BUILDING, EVEN ON HIS FIRST VOYAGE? Columbus wanted to take possession of every island he passed and claim it for Spain. � Columbus ultimately commanded a fleet of 17 ships that carried over 1, 000 soldiers, crewmen, and colonists. � The Spanish intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean into colonies, which they would own. �

4. WHY WERE THE SPANISH INTERESTED IN ESTABLISHING COLONIES IN AMERICA? Ø Reasons for Exploration: Ø Gain wealth Ø Ø Demand for goods from China and India Ø Ø Ø Gold, silver, etc. Spices, silk, perfume Overland trade routes were expensive(Italians) Spread Christianity Adventure & Curiosity Fame & Glory (prestige)

5. WHAT CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY HELPED IMPROVE NAVIGATION? � Advances in Technology: � Allowed travel on the open seas � Compass- tells direction � Astrolabe- Calculate position based on stars & sun � Building of better ships (deep draft) � Caravel- Triangular sails (lateen) � Could carry weapons

6. WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS FROM PORTUGAL AND SPAIN? WHAT DID THEY ACCOMPLISH? Portuguese Explorers: Henry the Navigator Son of King John I of Portugal, given name was Prince Henry. � Became known as Henry the Navigator (early 1400 s) � Henry did not explore himself. � Became a patron and supporter of those wishing to explore for Portugal. � Trained other explorers, mapmakers, astronomers and others interested in navigation � From this training “court” , Henry sent expeditions to explore the western coast of Africa. � These explorations led Portugal to settle the Azores and Madeira Islands. � Also discovered a great deal about Africa’s coast, including the fact that both gold and slaves were available in the area. � Prince Henry’s ultimate goal was to discover a water route around Africa to India. � However Prince Henry died before this goal could be accomplished, but Portuguese explorers did not abandon their

BARTOLOMEU DIAS (PORTUGAL) � Attempted to complete Prince Henry’s goal of finding a water route around Africa to India. � Dias and his crew attempted to sail around the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) in 1488, thus making him the first European to attempt this. � Dias and his crew might have sailed further but were forced to turn back due to bad weather and violent storms.

VASCO DA GAMA (PORTUGAL) � In 1497, excited by Dias’s success, da Gama and his crew set out for India. � After a 10 month journey and several stops at African ports, da Gama and his crew were the 1 st to sail around the tip of Africa to India.

PEDRO CABRAL (PORTUGAL) � � Da Gama’s return caused great excitement in Portugal. Pedro Cabral was hurriedly sent to further examine the route taken by da Gama. Cabral sailed further west, closer to South America, to avoid the windless Gulf of Guinea. � Claimed Brazil for Portugal Cabral was able to better use the wind off the coast of Brazil and ultimately claimed the land for Portugal.

AMERIGO VESPUCCI � Italian in the service of the Portugal. � In 1502, Vespucci sailed along the eastern coast of South America and determined it was not Asia, but a new land. � Later mapmakers named the land “America” in his honor.

VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA (SPAIN) � Now knowing that they had found a new land, the Spanish set out to explore it. � In 1513 Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama. � After more than three weeks, Balboa and his men became the first Europeans to see the Pacific Ocean.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN (SPAIN) � After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross another ocean to reach Asia. � � � Magellan was given the task to answer this question in 1519. Magellan was born in Portugal, but funded by Spain, he set sail with five ships and approximately 250 men. � � His journey was long and difficult, including the mutiny of some of his men. He reached the Philippine Islands after months at sea. Magellan was killed in a fight against native people. His men, led by Juan Sebastian de Elcano, sailed on and returned to Spain in September 1522. � � They did not know how large that ocean might be. Only 18 survived the journey back to Spain. They were the first to circumnavigate the world.

SPANISH & PORTUGESE EXPLORERS

7. WHO WAS HERNAN CORTES? WHAT DID HE ACCOMPLISH FOR SPAIN IN MEXICO? � � Cortes moved from the Caribbean to the mainland to set up colonies He was a “conquistador” or conquerer whom fought against the native peoples of the Americas. � � � Conquered the Aztecs and their ruler Moctezuma II. The Aztecs were extremely powerful in this region, and hated by other tribes. � � Lured by rumors of vast amounts of gold and silver. Cortes took advantage of this, using other tribes to help him defeat the Aztecs. Cortes entered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519 with his soldiers and thousands of natives who wished to overthrow the Aztecs. � � Moctezuma II was killed in the battle of Tenochtitlan After months of fighting, Cortes took the city and the entire Aztec empire.

8. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID CORTES HAVE IN HIS BATTLE AGAINST THE AZTECS? Malinche, a female who was used as a translator of the Aztec language. � Enlisted help from other native groups who hated the Aztecs. � Metal weapons � Heavy armor � � � Guns Horses � � Horses had never been seen by the natives and the large animals terrified them Disease � Mumps, measles, smallpox, and typhus

AZTECS � � The agricultural activities were undertaken completely by human power. The capital of their empire (Tenochtitlan) was a city larger than Rome. � � � The materials used for making any kind of tools were only stones and wood. Aztecs believed that the gods demanded payment, perhaps an offering of food or a sacrifice of quail. � � In its beauty it resembled Venice, set in the middle of a lake with canals for streets For the new fire ceremony and other important feasts it was necessary to make the "human payment" — the sacrifice of a human being Poor Aztec families sold their children to get some money to live. � The sold children would be treated as slaves.

9. WHO WAS FRANCISCO PIZARRO? WHAT DID HE DO TO THE INCAS? � � Led an expedition to Peru about 10 years after Cortes with 160 men. � Pizarro had heard of the riches of the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was vastly different � Weakened by smallpox, thousands died, including the emperor � Civil war had broken out with a new ruler emerging and Cortes used this to his advantage. � Atahualpa had just taken over when Pizarro arrived Atahualpa met with the Spanish in 1532 � Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity, Atahualpa refused, and was taken prisoner. Even though the Incas gave Pizarro a fortune in gold and silver, the Spanish killed him and headed toward the capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco. � They captured the city, destroyed the army, and took over the empire � A rumor began to grow of a mountain kingdom, richer than even the Inca had been, somewhere in northern South America. � Thousands of men set out in dozens of expeditions to find this

INCAS � � � � The Incas created a highway and road system in Peru with over 18, 000 miles of roads. The Incas were the first to cultivate the potato in Peru. The Incas used a system of knotted and colored strings, a ‘quipu’ for records, math and possibly even language. The Incas used a dry masonry method to construct buildings without mortar using stones fit so perfectly together that nothing can slip between them and it proved to be extremely resistant to earthquakes. The Incas used advanced farming techniques such as canals and ditches to irrigate their crops in Peru. The Incas administered intelligence tests to Incan children and based on their results they were either taught a trade or sent to school to become administrators or part of the nobility. Machu Picchu, a city 8000 feet in the Andes Mountains, is the most amazing urban area built by the Incas. � Even today, it is a favorite place for tourists.

10. HOW DID THE SPANISH CREATE AN EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS? � � After conquering the Aztecs and Incas, the Spanish began to use the land. Spanish king chose officials or viceroys to rule large sections of land. � Peninsulares were Spanish settlers living in the Americas. � Mestizos were a population of mixed Spanish and Native American people. The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of gold and silver, though farming was also common � Native Americans were used to mine and farm However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native population, which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to only 4 million Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans and called on others to protect those who remained Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who was vocal about Indian treatment � He recommended replacing them with imported Africans slaves, this � � � Encomienda system allowed land owners to use native labor, but they must treat fairly and respectfully.

11. WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM ON THE NATIVE AMERICANS? � � � Disastrous Overwork and mistreatment took a horrendous toll Even worse were diseases � � � Smallpox Tuberculosis Measles Native Americans had no resistance to these illnesses, and millions died � As many as 90% �

12. WHAT INFLUENCE DID THE PORTUGUESE HAVE IN THE NEW WORLD? � Cabral claimed land in present-day Brazil in 1500. � During the 1530 s, colonists began settling Brazil’s coastal region. � Finding little gold or silver, settlers began growing sugar cane. � Clearing out large areas of land, the Portuguese built giant sugar plantations. � Demand for sugar in Europe was great, thus Portugal became enriched and settled even more land for sugar.

13. HOW DID SPAIN PUSH IT’S INFLUENCE FURTHER NORTH? � Spain’s American colonies helped make Spain the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 16 th century. � � Thus, Spain pushed further north into present-day America seeking settlement and wealth. � � It put together a powerful navy and army. In 1541, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an expedition throughout present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Coronado found little wealth, thus the Spanish monarchy assigned mostly priests to explore and colonize the future United States. � These priests had come in search of converts to Christianity.

14. HOW DID THE END OF THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM LEAD TO THE USE OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS? Spain abolished the encomienda system in 1542, due to resistance by native peoples. � As a result of a shortage of Native Americans and the excessive cost of indentured servants, millions of Africans were captured and forcibly taken to the Americas before the slave trade ended in the 1800 s � Most came from the coast of West Africa, between Senegal and Angola � Some slaves were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European firearms or other goods �

15. WHY WAS THE PUEBLO VICTORY OVER THE SPANIARDS IN 1680 SIGNIFICANT? � Showed that Spain was not invincible and that even after 70 years the natives of present-day New Mexico, would not be subdued. � Natives in New Mexico had been forced to risk their lives in silver mines. � By the late 1600 s, the rulers of Spain had far greater concerns. � The other nations of Europe had begun to establish their own colonies in the Americas.

SECTION 2 (PAGES 127 --131) � European Nations Settle North America q European Powers begin to establish colonies and empires q Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England emerged victorious. q These English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the U. S. today.

1. WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS? WHY DID FEW COLONISTS ORIGINALLY MOVE TO BRAZIL? � Signed in 1494 � � Drew an imaginary line through the Atlantic Everything west of the line, including most of the Americas belonged to Spain. Portugal owned all land east of the line. Of the Americas, only Brazil remained as a Portuguese colony. Brazil’s huge jungles made development difficult for both farming and mining � Eventually developed a plantation system with Indian labor-Turned to African Slavery Gold and Silver from Portugal and Spanish Colonies encouraged other European nations to attempt to make colonies �

2. WHAT DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH EXPLORERS HOPE TO FIND? �A shorter route to Asia. � New trading partners. � Search for Northwest Passage. � Possible riches

3. WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE IN THE FRENCH, DUTCH, AND ENGLISH COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS? � � After seeing the riches being brought back from the Americas by Spain and Portugal; France, England the Netherlands decided to establish colonies there. French explorers established several colonies in New France or present-day Canada. � � � They did not find gold or silver, but the North Atlantic swarming with fish. Furs were also sold for high prices in Europe. The French & Dutch befriended many Native American tribes Unlike the Spanish & Portuguese, the French did not enslave Native Americans. Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608. In 1682 Rene-Robert La Salle canoed down the entire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. � � The Dutch settled in New Netherland, located on the Hudson River � � � He claimed this area for France and called it Louisiana (after King Louis XIV. They bought land which is the island of Manhattan and called it New Amsterdam, present day New York City. Population remained small The English established Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 � � Many colonists died during the first winter, but the colony endured. The Pilgrims settled in present day Plymouth, Massachusetts

ENGLISH EXPLORERS � � England’s rulers wanted to find a shorter route to Asia than Magellan had found. Hudson, a Dutch-born sailor, set out in 1607. � He was looking for a NW passage, but found nothing but ice and returned to England. Sailed two more times for the English and once for the Dutch. He explored land along the NE coast of the present-day United States � Explored three waterways, named after him—the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait. .

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE (ENGLISH) Like the Spanish, the English soon realized that they had not reached Asia, but a previously unknown land. � Drake was sent by the English queen in 1577 to explore. � He was to round the tip of South America and explore its west coast. � After stopping in present-day California, Drake sailed north to seek a route around North America back to the Atlantic. � However, the weather proved to be too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. � � He became the 2 nd man to circumnavigate the globe.

JOHN CABOT � English � John Explorer Cabot (1497) � First major English voyage of discovery, launched just a few years after Columbus. � Landed on the Atlantic coast, present-day Canada, like Columbus, he thought he was in Asia. � On his 2 nd trip, he and his crew never returned, presumed to have sunk.

DUTCH EXPLORERS (NETHERLANDS) In the early 1600 s, the Netherlands—once a Spanish possession—had become a powerful trading nation. Henry Hudson (1609) � Explored Hudson River, but never found a NW passage. � The river was actually discovered by Giovanni da Verazzano (Italy) an explorer sailing for France. � Sailing for the Dutch he was hoping to find new trading partners and new products.

4. WHO WERE THE FRENCH EXPLORERS? Like the English, the French wanted to find a passage to Asia. Samuel de Champlain help found Canadian city of Quebec. � Jacques Cartier (1534) was sent to find the NW passage. � He sailed passed Newfoundland into the St. Lawrence River and claimed this land for France. He called it the province of New France, which became Canada later. � Other French explorers continued to look for this NW passage, but never found it. �

5. WHO WAS GIOVANNI DA VERAZZANO? WHOM DID HE SAIL FOR? � Actually discovered the Hudson River and explored Hudson Bay in 1524. � Also discovered what is today New York harbor. � Verazzano was an Italian in the service of France. � Sought a northern sea route to the Pacific.

6. WHY WERE THE MISSISSIPPI AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVERS IMPORTANT TO THE FRENCH? � The rivers allowed the French to transport furs from the interior and get supplies from Europe. � This area first explored by Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet in 1673. � Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi area and claimed this area for France. � He named it Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. � By the early 1700 s, New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern United States and eastern Canada.

7. WHY WERE FRANCE’S NORTH AMERICAN HOLDINGS SO SPARSELY POPULATED? � France’s North American empire was immense. � Most of the settlers were priests or fur trappers who had no desire to build towns or start families. � The French were less interested in occupying territories than they were in making money off the land.

8. WHERE DID THE ENGLISH SETTLE IN NORTH AMERICA? � Jamestown � Inspired by the Spanish and French, King James chartered a colony in North America. � Investors � In backed the colony financially. early 1607, three ships and about 100 settlers reached the coast of Virginia. � They claimed the land as their own and named the colony Jamestown.

9. WHAT HAPPENED AT JAMESTOWN? � � � The colony’s start was disastrous. Most settlers were more interested in finding gold than in planting crops. During the first few years, seven out of every ten people died of hunger, disease, or battles with Native Americans. Despite this nightmarish start, the colonists eventually gained a foothold in their new land. Jamestown became the first permanent settlement in North America. The colony’s outlook greatly improved after farmers there discovered tobacco. � High demand in England turned it into a cash crop.

10. HOW WOULD YOU COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PURITANS AND PILGRIMS? � The Pilgrims founded the 2 nd English colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. � � Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, these colonists sought religious freedom. The Puritans followed 10 years later and also sought religious freedom from the Anglican Church. They established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay. � They set out to build a model community for Christians, and experienced early difficulties. � Their ultimate success was due to the families in the colonies as opposed to single, male population in Jamestown. �

11. HOW DID THE DUTCH AND FRENCH COLONIES REACT DIFFERENTLY TO ENGLISH EXPANSION? � The Dutch (Netherlands) claimed the land along the waterways discovered by Hudson. They established fur trade with the Iroquois Indians. � They built trading posts along the Hudson River on present-day Manhattan Island in New York. � The Dutch holdings in North America became known as New Netherland. � Later in 1664, the Dutch surrendered New Netherland to the English, without a shot being fired and renamed it New York. � � France, on the other hand, fought the English fiercely, realizing that its vast American empire was at stake.

12. HOW WAS THE CARIBBEAN COLONIZED? � The French seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe and Martinique. � The English settled Barbados and Jamaica. � The Dutch captured what are now the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba from Spain. � On these islands, the Europeans built huge cotton and sugar plantations. � These products required intensive labor to be grown, thus enslaved Africans would eventually fill this void.

13. WHO WAS BLACKBEARD? Privately owned armed ships, known as privateers, attacked merchant ships of enemy nations and sank or robbed them. � Also patrolling the high seas were pirates, who attacked ships and did not care whom they represented. � They attacked the ships for their valuables. � Edward B. Teach became known as Blackbeard and was one of the best-known pirates. � He died in 1718, when a British navy crew trapped his ship off the coast of North Carolina. � It is said that Blackbeard died with more than 25 wounds. �

14. WHAT HAPPENED BETWEEN ENGLAND FRANCE IN THE MID-1700 S? � In 1754 a dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley led to a war between the British and French on the North American continent. � � This became known as the French and Indian War. The war became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years’ War. Britain and France fought for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India. In North America, the British colonists, with help of the British Army, defeated the French in 1763. � � � Native Americans also fought on both sides. The French surrendered their holdings and the British seized control of the eastern half of North America. This agreement became known as the Treaty of Paris.

TREATY OF PARIS 1763

15. WHAT WAS THE OVERRIDING ATTITUDE OF THE BRITISH TOWARD THE NATIVE AMERICANS? For the most part, the French and Dutch colonists lived together peacefully with the Native Americans in North America. � However, the British believed their civilization was superior and that they were therefore entitled to take and use native land as saw fit. � The English also sought to populate their colonies in North America, thus pushing the natives off their land. � Differences in religious beliefs heightened tensions between the English and the Native Americans. �

16. WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE BETWEEN THE NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE BRITISH? The hostility between the English settlers and Native Americans led to warfare. � During the 1600 s the colonists and Native Americans killed hundreds of each other. � 1622—Powhatan tribe attacks colonial villages near Jamestown, killing about 350 settlers. � 1675—King Philips War. Metacom, also know as King Philip, led attacks on colonial villages. � � Both � sides massacred hundreds of victims. Metacom later died in battle and had his head removed and displayed at Plymouth by the Puritans.

17. WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF DISEASE SPREADING THROUGH THE NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION? � � � Like the Spanish in Central and South America, the Europeans who settled North America brought several diseases. These diseases devastated the native population of North America. 1616—Smallpox epidemic ravaged the New England coast � � Massachusett tribe lost over 23, 000 of its people by 1631. Whole tribes from South Carolina to Missouri, nearly lost it’s inhabitants from smallpox, measles and other diseases. This loss of native population hurt the labor market for the colonies. Started shipping in Africans to work in the fields.

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE � Section 3 � Pages 132 -136 � To meet their growing needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in the Americas. � Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of the Americas’ population today.

1. WHAT LED TO THE BEGINNING OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE? �A shortage of labor in the Americas � European planters in the Americas needed large numbers of workers on their plantations � Planters first used Native Americans as workers � Disease and poor treatment had killed millions

2. WHAT KIND OF LABOR WAS USED IN THE 1600 S, BUT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO SUSTAIN? � Indentured servants � These people worked for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas from Europe � These workers were expensive to support

3. WHY WERE SPAIN AND PORTUGAL THE EARLY LEADERS IN THE SLAVE TRADE? � They were the first colonizers and needed labor to work mines and plantations in the Caribbean and in South America. � � By 1650, 300, 000 had been enslaved by Spain. � � Sugar plantations required a large supply of workers to make them profitable for their owners in Brazil and the Caribbean. Portugal—During the 1600 s 40% of slaves went to Brazil. Spain and Portugal had used Native Americans as a source of cheap labor. � � However, disease, warfare, and brutal treatment had decimated their population. Thus, they turned to the cheap labor of African slaves.

4. HOW HAD SLAVERY EXISTED IN AFRICA? � The spread of Islam into Africa during the 7 th century, ushered in an era of slavery. � Muslim rulers justified slavery by their belief in the right to buy and sell prisoners of war. � Between 650 and 1600, some 17 million Africans had been transported to the Muslim lands of North Africa and Southwest Asia. � However, these slaves had some rights including: social mobility, freedom, and even positions in the government and military.

5. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID EUROPEANS SEE IN ENSLAVING AFRICANS? � Many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some immunity. � Many Africans had experience in farming and could be taught plantation work. � Africans were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the new land. � Their skin color made it easier to catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others.

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

6. HOW WAS BRITISH INVOLVEMENT IN THE SLAVE TRADE SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE SPANISH? � As England’s colonies grew in America, Britain began to dominate the slave trade. � From 1690 until 1807, England was the leading carrier of enslaved Africans. � By the time the slave trade ended nearly 1. 7 million slaves had been sent to the Caribbean and another 400, 000 to the United States. � The number of slaves grew to a total of 2 million by 1830.

7. ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS’ ESTIMATES, HOW MANY AFRICANS WERE SHIPPED TO THE AMERICAS AGAINST THEIR WILL? HOW LONG DID IT LAST? � Most historians believe it was between 15 -20 million � The Atlantic slave trade lasted for 400 years

8. IN WHAT WAYS DID THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE WORK AGAINST THE INTERESTS OF THE EUROPEAN MERCHANTS? � African men and women were shipped to the Americas as part of a profitable trade network. � Most had been captured by African merchants, with the help of local rulers. � Along the way, millions of Africans died.

9. WHERE DID THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ORIGINATE? � Along a triangular route connecting traders in Europe, Africa, and the Americas � 1 st leg--European goods to Africa for slaves � 2 nd leg—Middle passage brought slaves to the Americas to be sold as slaves � 3 rd leg—Carried American products such as sugar, tobacco, and rice to Europe � Throughout history, slavery has existed in many parts of the world, including Africa

TRIANGULAR TRADE

10. WHAT WAS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE? WHO WAS OLAUDAH EQUIANO? � The second leg of the triangular trade route, bringing Africans to the Americans to be sold as slaves � It was a terrifying ordeal � Captive Africans were chained together and forced into dark, cramped quarters below the ship’s decks. � In many cases, the Africans were packed into such a small space that they could neither sit not stand � Olaudah Equiano wrote about the horrific conditions

11. HOW LONG DID THE TRIP TAKE TO THE AMERICAS? HOW MANY SLAVES DIED ON THE JOURNEY? � The journey usually lasted three to six weeks � Between 10 and 20 percent did not survive the trip. � Those � The that survived, faced more horror auction block and an uncertain future

12. DESCRIBE THE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR ENSLAVED PEOPLE. Upon arriving in the Americas, captured Africans usually were auctioned off to the highest bidder. � Conditions were harsh � Many owners and overseers inflicted degrading physical punishment for minor offenses. � Enslaved people frequently had to endure brutal treatment and abuse � Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the short hours at the end of the workday � � Daily tasks such as cooking, mending clothing and tending the sick had to be fit in around the work they performed for their slaveholders

13. HOW DID AFRICANS RESIST SLAVERY? � By slowing work, destroying equipment, committing acts of sabotage, revolting, or running away � Remember slaves had no rights and no freedoms � They were considered property � Many tried, and were successful in escaping from their owners. � Harsh punishment if they were caught.

14. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOST TRAGIC RESULT OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE? WHAT WAS AFRICAN DIASPORA? � Slavery deprived millions of people of their freedom and doomed their descendants to lives of forced servitude � In Africa, the effects of the slave trade were profound � Strongest young people were taken—future leaders � Divided Africans against one another � African Diaspora � The spreading of African culture throughout the Western world � African culture, food, music, art, and religion

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL TRADE Section 4 Pages 137 -141 The colonization of America introduced new items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. The global exchange of goods permanently changed Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas

1. HOW DID EXPLORATION RESULT IN A NEW EXCHANGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS? � As contact increased between Europe and the Americas, plants, animals, and disease traveled from the “Old” world to the “New” world. � Historians call this global transfer the Columbian Exchange. � The horse is a great example, the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas was the llama. � The llama only lived in the Andes.

2. WHY IS THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE SO CALLED? WHAT WAS THE NEGATIVE ASPECT? � It resulted from Christopher Columbus’s initial contact with the Americas. � Diseases from Europe was spread to the Americas. � Smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, malaria, and diptheria killed millions of Native Americans.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

3. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE FOR EUROPE, ASIA, & AFRICA? � New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changed. � Brought to Europe, Asia, & Africa � Tomatoes � Tobacco � Potatoes & corn � Became important and steady part of diets throughout the world. � These foods helped people live longer. � Cacao � Turkey beans (for chocolate)

4. WHAT WAS THE RESULT OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE FOR THE AMERICAS? � The Americas were introduced to various livestock. � Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. � Horses allowed Native Americans to travel farther and faster. � They became valuable property. � Food crops also found their way to the Americas. � Bananas, and oats. black-eyed peas, yams, wheat, barley, rice

5. WHAT IS CAPITALISM? � System in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit � Created by new wealth from the Americas and the dramatic growth in overseas trade. � No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth. � This wealth was invested in more trade and overseas exploration.

6. WHY DID PEOPLE FORM JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES? � To pool their money in an attempt to make a profit � This was a way to fund ever-larger businesses � These “investors” bought shares of stock in the company. � If the company did well, each shareholder would receive a portion of the profit � If a company did not do well, a shareholder was only lost the amount of their shares � British East India Company (1600) imported spices � Virginia Company of London (1607) bankrolled new colonies in the Americas (Jamestown)

7. WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM, AND HOW DID IT PUSH THE DRIVE TO ESTABLISH COLONIES? � Mercantilism is a system based on the idea that a nation’s strength was based on its wealth. � A wealthy nation had the power to build a strong military to protect itself and expand its influence. � As a result, the goal of every nation became the attainment of as much wealth as possible. � Colonies helped provide this wealth in the form of gold and silver, as well as raw materials, and were a market for the home country to sell it’s goods.

EUROPEAN MERCHANTILISM

8. HOW DID THE DESIRE TO CREATE A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE HELP LEAD TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIES? � European powers wanted to establish colonies so that they could control sources of raw materials � Also, to provide new markets for manufactured goods � With a favorable balance of trade, a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them � Thus the belief was that a nation’s power increased and weakened its foreign competitors

9. HOW DID NATIONS CREATE A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE? � They reduced the amount of import goods by placing tariffs or taxes on them. � They also encouraged exports, and controlled overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals. � Government encouraged exports by providing subsidies, or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new business � A nation’s ultimate goal was to become selfsufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods.

10. HOW DID EUROPEAN MONARCHS RESTRICT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THEIR COLONIES TO MAKE SURE THAT THE COLONIES BENEFITED ONLY THE HOME COUNTRY? � Forbidding colonists to sell raw materials to any nation other than the home country � Also, by forcing colonies to buy manufactured goods only from their home countries and forbidding them from manufacturing goods themselves � In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to benefit the home country

11. WHAT IMPACT DID MERCANTILISM HAVE ON SOCIETY? � Towns and cities grew as business activity increased � A new class of wealthier merchants emerged who began to wield more power in their towns � Enjoyed � However, � Most some social mobility rural life remained mostly the same people remained poor

12. HOW DID GLOBAL TRADE LEAD TO THE RISE OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE? � Global trade provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth � This overseas trade many merchants rich, and this wealth enabled them to invest in other business ventures. � Business activity in Europe increased markedly