World History Chapter 10 Section 3 Unifying Italy

World History Chapter 10 Section 3 Unifying Italy November 7, 2013 Woodridge High School Mr. Bellisario

Lesson Objectives • List the key obstacles to Italian Unification • Understand what roles Count Camillo Cavour and Guiseppe Garibadi played in the struggle for Italy. • Describe the challenges that faced the new nation of Italy.

Italian Peninsula • People of the Italian peninsula spoke the same language, but had not had political unity since Roman times.

Key obstacles to Italian unity • People loyal to regions – Florence> Tuscans – Venice> Venetians – Naples> Neapolitans

Congress of Vienna • Austria – most of northern Italy, nationalists tried to expel Austrians from northern Italy • Hapsburg monarchs (Austrians) ruled other Italian states • French Bourbon ruler in charge of Naples & Sicily

Giuseppe Mazzini • Founded nationalist group, Young Italy, a secret society • Nicknamed The Beating Heart of Italy • Goal – free independent, united republican Italy • 1849, set up revolutionary republic in Rome – put down by French forces

Italian Unity • Count Camillo Cavour& Giuseppe Garibaldi work for Italian unity • 1848, Risorgimento, Italian nationalist movement • Created Kingdom of Sardinia with King Victor Emmanuel II

Changes under Victor Emmanuel II • 1852 Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo Cavour as prime minister • Much like Bismarck – crafty politician, believed in Realpolitik • Reformed Sardinia’s economy – Improved agriculture – Built railroads – Encouraged commerce through free trade

Crimean War • 1855, joined Britain & France in Crimean War vs. Russia

Secret Agreement • 1858, Cavour made a secret deal with Napoleon III – Napoleon III promised to help Sardinia if Sardinia went to war with Austria – With help from France, defeated Austria & annexed Lombardy – Other Northern Italian states joined with Sardinia

Uniting the Kingdom of Two Sicilies • Guiseppe Garibaldi was working to unite Kingdom of Two Sicilies with other Italian states – Accepted aide from Cavour – 1860 Garibaldi had force of 1000 Red Shirts – Won control of Sicily quickly – Marched north to Naples

Unifying the rest of Italy • Cavour sent troops to stop Garibaldi, troops joined Garibaldi & his Red Shirts – over ran the Papal States – 1861 Garabaldi turned over Naples & Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II – Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of a united Italy • 1861, Italy acquired Venetia after Austro-Prussian War • 1870, Italy forced France from Rome, during Franco. Prussian War.

Challenges Faced by the new Italian Nation • Italy had no tradition of unity – Regional differences – North – richer, & more cities; South – rural & poor • Italy & Roman Catholic Church – Popes resented seizure of Papal States & Rome; relations were hostile – Urged Italian Catholics not to cooperate with government • Late 1800’s – socialists organized strikes – Anarchists (people who want to abolish government) sabotage & violence – Government slowly extended suffrage to more men & passed laws for social reform

Economic reform in Italy • Slow to develop industrially • Lacked natural resources • Population explosion – relieved through emigration (movement away from homeland) to U. S. , Canada & Latin America