WORLD GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 CHAPTER 1 VOCABULARY THE

WORLD GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1 CHAPTER 1 -? VOCABULARY THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PLANET EARTH

LIFE ON EARTH • PLANTS AND ANIMALS DEPEND ON ONE ANOTHER IN AN _____. ECOSYSTEM • POLLUTION: UNCLEAN ELEMENT IN THE AIR, WATER, OR SOIL *CO(2) IS RELATED TO THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT BY ____ THE HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. TRAPPING • WAYS THAT THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS MIGHT AFFECT A REGION'S VEGETATION ARE: _____, AND _____. GASSES CAN KILL THE

MAPS & GLOBES *ANOTHER NAME FOR MAP-MAKING IS _____. CARTOGRAPHY *GEOGRAPHERS USE _____ AND _____ TO DETERMINE THE LOCATIONS OF PLACES. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE *GEOGRAPHERS USE A _____ FORMED BY LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE TO DETERMINE _____. GRID SYSTEM; ABSOLUTE LOCATION *THE DIFFERENCES IN SUNLIGHT AT THE TROPIC OF CANCER, AND THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN, AND THE POLES ARE: _____, AND _____. THE TROPIC OF CANCER RECEIVES SUNLIGHT IN JUNE, THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN RECEIVES SUNLIGHT IN DECEMBER, AND THE POLES NEVER RECEIVE DIRECT SUNLIGHT *THE EFFECT OF THE EARTH'S TILT, ROTATION, AND REVOLUTION ARE THAT THEY ALL CAUSE CHANGES IN: _____, AND _____. THE WAY THE SUN'S RAYS STRIKE THE EARTH, LEADING THE DAY-NIGHT, SEASONS, AND CLIMATE VARIATIONS *TWO TYPES OF PLANETS ARE: _____ AND _____. TERRESTRIAL AND GAS GIANT PLANETS.

CARTOGRAPHY IS NOT THE MAKING OF “CARTS OR CARS”, BUT RATHER IT’S THE MAKING OF MAPS

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & LANDFORMS • _____ FOCUSES ON THE STUDY OF THE EARTH'S PHYSICAL FEATURES. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY • FOUR PARTS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE ARE _____, AND _____. HYDROSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE • PERMAFROST: PERMANENTLY FROZEN LAYER OF SOIL BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND • THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF LAND-FORMS FOUND ON THE EARTH ARE: _____,

BARE PATCHES OF PERMAFROST, SURROUNDED BY WITHERED GRASS

EARTH SCIENCE • UNDERWATER TRENCHES ARE CREATED THROUGH THE PROCESS OF _____. ACCRETION • THEORY THAT CONTINENTS ARE SLOWLY MOVING IS CALLED _____. CONTINENTAL DRIFT • _____ IS MOLTEN ROCK WITHIN THE EARTH. MAGMA • A _____ IS A BEND IN LAYERS OF ROCK. FOLD • A _____ IS A BREAK IN THE EARTH'S CRUST. FAULT • THE ACTIVITY OF THE EARTH'S MOVING PLATES IS CALLED _____. TECTONICS • _____ WEARS AWAY THE EARTH'S SURFACE. PLATE EROSION • THE EARTH'S LAYERS ARE MADE UP OF THE: _____, _____. INNER CORE, OUTER CORE, MANTLE, AND CRUST • _____ PRODUCED SOME OF EARTH'S LARGEST LAND FORMS. MOVEMENT OF

THE EARTH’S CRUST FORMS PLATES THAT SLIDE AROUND ON THE MANTLE LIKE A SKIN ON DRIED PUDDING OR QUESO

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY • A _____ HAS BOUNDARIES DETERMINED BY A COMMON CHARACTERISTIC. FORMAL REGION • _____ IS EXPRESSED IN RELATION TO OTHER PLACES. RELATIVE LOCATION • THE THREE TYPES OF REGIONS IDENTIFIED BY GEOGRAPHERS ARE: _____, AND _____. FORMAL REGION, FUNCTIONAL REGION, AND PERCEPTUAL REGION • TWO WAYS THAT EVERY PLACE ON THE EARTH CAN BE LOCATED ARE: _____ AND _____. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE LOCATION

THERE ARE …

WEATHER & CLIMATE • WATER VAPOR CHANGES INTO LIQUID THROUGH _____. CONDENSATION • MOISTURE THAT FALLS FROM THE CLOUDS IS _____. PRECIPITATION • LIQUID WATER CHANGES INTO WATER VAPOR THROUGH THE PROCESS CALLED _____. EVAPORATION • TEMPERATURE: THE MEASURE OF HOW HOT OR COLD A PLACE IS • PREVAILING WIND: WIND IN A REGION THAT BLOWS IN A FAIRLY CONSTANT DIRECTIONAL PATTERN • DOLDRUMS: EQUATOR A FREQUENTLY WINDLESS AREA NEAR THE • RAIN SHADOW: DRY AREA FOUND ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF A

GETTING CAUGHT IN THE ATLANTIC DOLDRUMS CAN CAUSE A SAIL SHIP TO DRIFT FOR DAYS–EVEN WEEKS

… MORE WEATHER & CLIMATE • THE MAJOR CLIMATE REGIONS INTO WHICH GEOGRAPHERS DIVIDE THE EARTH ARE: _____, _____, AND _____. TROPICAL CLIMATES, DRY CLIMATES, MID-LATITUDE CLIMATES, HIGH LATITUDE CLIMATES, AND HIGHLANDS CLIMATES • CHAPARRAL: TYPE OF VEGETATION MADE UP OF DENSE FORESTS OF SHRUBS AND SHORT TREES, COMMON IN MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES • THE PROCESS THAT KEEPS THE AMOUNT OF EARTH'S WATER CONSTANT IS THE _____. WATER CYCLE • THE FORMS THAT WATER TAKES THROUGHOUT THE WATER CYCLE ARE: _____, AND _____. LIQUID, VAPOR, CLOUDS, PRECIPITATION, AND SURFACE RUNOFF • THREE KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE CLIMATE ARE: _____, _____ AND _____, AND _____. LATITUDE, AIR AND OCEAN CURRENTS, AND LAND FORMS • THE CHANGES IN AIR PRESSURE THAT OCCUR DURING THE EL NIÑO YEAR

WESTERLIES ARE THE OPPOSITE OF DOLDRUMS & CAN PROPEL A SAILING SHIP OR AIRCRAFT 100 S OF MILES

TOOLS OF THE GEOGRAPHER • COMPUTER TOOLS THAT PROCESS DATA AND SATELLITE IMAGES WITH OTHER PIECES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ARE CALLED _____. GEOGRAPHY INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) • THE RESEARCH METHODS THAT GEOGRAPHER USE ARE: _____, _____. DIRECT OBSERVATION, MAPPING, INTERVIEWING, STATISTICS, AND THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY • OTHER SUBJECTS THAT GEOGRAPHERS STUDY ARE: _____ AND _____, AND _____. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT, CULTURE, AND ECONOMICS • GEOGRAPHERS STUDY _____ AND _____ TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE EARTH AFFECTS AND IS AFFECTED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY SO THAT INFORMED DECISIONS CAN BE MADE.

G. I. S. (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS)– PRETTY COMPLICATED STUFF; THIS IS A COMPUTER-GENERATED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS

POPULATION FACTORS • THE GROWTH RATE OF A POPULATION IS IT’S _____. NATURAL INCREASE • _____ IS THE PATTERN OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION • LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE ARE MOVING TO CITIES BECAUSE THEY

MAKE A NOTE OF THIS POPULATION FACTOR ALSO: PUSH-PULL HUMAN MIGRATION

ECONOMICS (THE $ OF EARTH) • MARKET ECONOMY: PRIVATE GROUPS PRODUCTION DETERMINED BY INDIVIDUALS AND • MIXED ECONOMY: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH A GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS AND REGULATES FREE ENTERPRISE • FREE TRADE: TRADE BARRIERS GOODS FLOWING EASILY BETWEEN COUNTRIES WITHOUT • A _____ WORKS TOWARD GREATER MANUFACTURING AND TECHNOLOGY USE. DEVELOPING COUNTRY • THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RENEWABLE AND A NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE IS: A RENEWABLE RESOURCE CAN BE REPLACED AND A NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE CANNOT BE REPLACED • POPULATION GROWTH AFFECTS THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY BY INCREASING THE DEMAND FOR _____ AND LAND. RESOURCES

SOME ECONOMIES DON’T MIX – THE ON THE LEFT IS COMMUNIST RUSSIA & ON THE RIGHT IS DEMOCRATIC USA

GOVERNMENTS ON EARTH • EXAMPLES OF AN AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENT ARE: ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP • UNITARY SYSTEM: GOVERNMENT WITH ALL KEY POWERS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL • FEDERAL SYSTEM: GOVERNMENT WITH POWER DIVIDED BETWEEN NATIONAL AND STATE LEVELS • AN _____ IS A GOVERNMENT IN WHICH A SMALL GROUP HOLD POWER. OLIGARCHY

ADOLPH HITLER RULED USING A FASCIST SYSTEM IN WHICH HE LED HIS COUNTRY BY A “DICTATORSHIP”

CULTURAL ASPECTS • ETHNIC GROUP: PEOPLE WHO SHARE COMMON LANGUAGE, HISTORY, AND PLACE OF ORIGIN • CULTURE REGION: AREA THAT INCLUDES DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WITH CERTAIN TRAITS IN COMMON • CULTURE HEARTH: EARLY CENTER OF CIVILIZATION • TWO ELEMENTS OF CULTURE ARE: _____ AND _____. LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL GROUPS • ____ SPREADS KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS FROM ONE CULTURE TO ANOTHER. CULTURAL DIFFUSION • THE ELEMENTS OF A CULTURE ARE: _____, AND _____. LANGUAGE, RELIGION, GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL GROUPS, AND ECONOMY

AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN DOWNTOWN BEJING, CHINA

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY • _____ IS THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN ASPECTS OF GEOGRAPHY. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY • MIGRATION: MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM PLACE TO PLACE • INFLUENCES THAT MAY CHANGE AND CULTURE ARE: _____, _____, AND _____. MIGRATION, LIFESTYLES, INVENTIONS, TRADE, AND WAR • GEOGRAPHERS STUDY _____ AND _____ TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE EARTH AFFECTS AND IS AFFECTED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY SO THAT INFORMED DECISIONS CAN BE MADE. HUMAN SYSTEMS AND

ANIMALS MIGRATE • …SO DO PEOPLE