World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins A resource book for

World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins A resource book for students

Strand 7: Asian and European Englishes Europe Expanding Circle Asia Outer Circle Emerging Euro-English Asian Englishes Bi- and multilingual contexts ‘Linguistic orphans’ (Kachru 1992) A 7

English as an Asian language l Regional categorisation - - South Asian varieties Southeast Asian and Pacific varieties East Asian varieties l Functional categorisation - Institutionalized varieties (Outer Circle) Non-institutionalized varieties (Expanding Circle) - - A 7

English in Europe l European Union (EU): - 23 official languages 3 dominant languages: English, French, German English = the de facto European lingua franca Emerging features (Seidlhofer, Breiteneder, Pitzl 2006) Nativisation processes - A 7

Codification of Asian Englishes l Importance of codification – l Acceptance, prestige, classroom model Obstacles in codification model – SLA perspective: – – – Indigenised varieties of English (IVEs) regarded as ‘interlanguages’ Goal of SLA = native-like competence NS input sufficient for acquisition SLA process without reference to L 2 functions Role of L 1 interference Motivation for acquisition ‘integrative’, i. e. admiration of NS, desire to become member of culture B 7

IVE settings differ from SLA concepts l IVE settings: – – – Target: no longer NS, but other NNSs Input is IVE (not NS) Multilingual settings, diglossic situation English does not serve all functions, other local languages present Motivation for learning: instrumental not integrative B 7

The SLA paradigm l SLA: ‘Interlanguage’ (Selinker 1972) – Unstable learner language or Fossilised learner language IVEs = fossilised interlanguage (IL) competences – l Criticised e. g. by Y. Kachru and Canagarajah B 7

Challenges in codifying Asian Englishes l Choice of a standard – l Selection of features Local needs vs. International intelligibility – – – Intranational functions Acceptance of local innovations Code-switching and code-mixing as part of bilingual competence Most comprehensive attempt at codification: Macquarie Regional Asian English Dictionary B 7

Indian English l l l One of the two highest populations of English speakers British colonial history After independence in 1947: attempt to replace English by Hindi, but English remained ‘associate’ official language Indian English identity, complementary relationship with indigenous languages Varietal characteristics Mixed acceptance of English as an Indian language C 7

Hong Kong English l l Hong Kong: British colony since 1842, Special Administrative Region of China since 1997 Hong Kong English – – – Position as accepted variety is not secure British English still aspired to (also teaching model – importing of NS teachers) Distinct lexical items At stage three in Schneider’s (2003) five-stage model for the evolution of New Englishes Might be further influenced by Cantonese and Mandarin C 7

China English l l A variety? Lexical, grammatical and phonological features Growing acceptance among the Chinese Growing importance – – Likely to become most common variety of English in Asia High number of speakers C 7