World climates World climates Circulation of air in

World climates

World climates • Circulation of air in the atmosphere • • Low pressure High pressure Wind belts High and low pressure belts Distribution of energy Earth´s tilt and rotation Seasons Position of the sun

World climates Global temperature Latitude Distance from the sea Prevailing winds Ocean currents Altitude

World climates Rainfall Relief Frontal Convectional

Name: equatorial Latitude: 5º of the Equator Location: drainage basins of the Amazon and Congo rivers, extreme south-east of Asia Temperature: high and constant around 26ºC, annual range 2ºC Rainfalls: annual total 2000 mm convectional thunderstorms, 2 -3 drier months Winds: light and variable Humidity: high Seasons: lack of seasonal change Weather pattern: uniform 12 hours daylight/darkness

tropical continental Name: Latitude: 5º to 15º of the Equator Location: Brazilian Highlands, Venezuela, northern Australia, Congo basin Temperature: high but no so constant 25 – 34ºC slightly higher Rainfalls: annual around 900 mm convectional thunderstorms, unreliable Winds: prevailing winds from the east Humidity: variable Seasons: dry (cooler) and wet season (hot with sun overhead) Weather pattern: when sun overhead temperature increases, rainfall increases too, afternoon convectional rains – like equatorial, dry is cooler season, wind increases, humidity decreases - desert

monsoon Name: Latitude: Location: South-east Asia Temperature: annual range low, between 24 and 30ºC Rainfalls: annual around 2000 mm (shorter period) Winds: prevailing winds from the south-west and north-east Humidity: variable Seasons: two seasons – south-west monsoon and north-east monsoon based on prevailing winds Weather pattern: summer father from the sea – low pressure – wind from the ocean – relief rainfall, risk of flooding - rise in winter high pressure, wind blows outward, little rain from dry areas risk of drought

Name: Mediterranean Latitude: 30º to 40º of the Equator Location: area surrounding Mediterranean Sea, California, Chile, southern Australia Temperature: between 14 and 26ºC Rainfalls: annual around 500 mm unevenly distributed Winds: in summer from the land in winter from the sea Humidity: variable Seasons: summers hot/dry and winters warm/wet Weather pattern: in summers prevailing winds from warm land with dry land surface, several months of dry sunny weather, winters are warm, winds blow from the sea – warm and moist air – relief rainfall

Name: cold Latitude: 60º of the Equator Location: Scandinavia, Russia, Pacific, North America, central Alaska, northern Canada Temperature: high annual range of 40 severe winters - 25ºC Rainfalls: precipitation is light air too cold to hold moisture occasional convectional Winds: strong winds lower temperatures, wind chill factor Humidity: low Seasons: Weather pattern: summers relatively warm long hours of daylight, far from the sea winters very long and dark, little sun, no influence of the sea strong winds

World climates • Tropical cyclones • formed over tropical oceans with temperatures over 27ºC • considerable depth of warm water • in late summer and early autumn • between latitudes of 5º and 20º of the Equator • releases great heat energy • storm and tidal surges

World climates • Tropical cyclones • • • area of colder air in the centre – a central eye over land rapidly decreases in strength lifespan of 7 -14 days winds exceeding 160 km/hr flooding and polluting bad effect on economy

World climates • Global warming • • • less heat escapes greenhouse gases 0. 6ºC last century carbon dioxide deforestation and burning aerosols

World climates • Global warming • • • rise of sea-levels icecaps and glaciers flooding and drought drinking water ecosystems deceases

World climates • Acid rain • • • from sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide dry deposition wet deposition p. H value between 5. 5 – 6 in 1950 s

World climates • Acid rain • • • acidity of lakes acidity of soils nutrients washed health hazard building eroded

• • • Water shortage Water supply Drought Reliability of rainfall Clean water

ecosystems

ecosystems • Ecosystem • Living environment: – Plants (flora) – Animals (fauna) • Non-living environment: – Water – Air – Solar energy – Rocks – Soils

ecosystems Ecosystem Living environment: Plants (flora) Animals (fauna) Non-living environment Water Air Solar energy Rocks Soils

ecosystems • Biomes • Micro • Meso • Global

ecosystems • Energy flows • • main source of energy photosynthesis energy passes through the food chain open system

ecosystems • Recycling of nutrients • • • Closed system Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Decomposers

Transfers of energy in an ecosystem Non-living environment Producers photosynthesis Consumers herbivores Consumers carnivores Decomposers bacteria

ecosystems • Water cycle • plants need water for photosynthesis • animals use water to remove toxins and stay cool (sweat) • plants and animals - water as a by-product of respiration • animals drink water, consume, too

ecosystems • Carbon cycle • • Photosynthesis Respiration Decomosition Stored

Food absorbed by plant roots Trees use nutrients to grow Nutrients added to soil as leaves decay More nutrients in vegatation cycle takes 6 months Leaves fall to the forest floor Fungi and bacteria rapidly break down into humus

ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • • • constant temperature high rainfall humidity denseness continuous growing season rich ecosystem

ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • • Shrub Under canopy Canopy Emergents

ecosystems • Tropical rainforest • • • rapid decomposition nutrients convectional rainfall human intervention Clearing rainforest Loss of animal habitat Fertile soils Land clearance for farming Roads

ecosystems • Tropical savanna grassland • Dry season – Losing leaves – Changing colour – Xerophytic plants • Wet season – Quick growth – Green sea • Desertification • Fuelwood

ecosystems • Mediterranean • Woodland scrub • Evergreen oaks (dub) • Adaptation – – Waxy leves Protective bark Long roots Short life cycle • Deforestation • Grazing animals • Fire

ecosystems • Coniferous • • • Spruce (smrek), pine (borovica) and fir (sosna) Low temperatures Low precipitation Short growing season Poor soils Little undergrowth

ecosystems • • Deforestation Clearance for farming Building roads Logging • • Selective Integrated Clearfelling Strip cutting • Sustainable forestry