Workshop by the ISA 2004 September 6 10

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Abundances of Megabenthic Organisms in Areas of Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-Rich Crust and Polymetallic Sulphide Tomohiko Fukushima SOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Outline Kingston Jamaica 1. Megabenthos distributions (abundances, faunal compositions, feeding habitats) ・・・・・. 2. Manganese nodule areas, Cobalt-Rich Crust areas and Polymetallic Sulphide areas 　・・・・. 3. Photo-transect methods (recommended by the environmental guideline for manganese nodules development)　・・・・・・・. 4. As results, simple outputs were obtained, however problems remained. 5. Take into considerations of the problems　・・・・・・. For contractors ( also for the LTC)　・・・・ another quantitative methods should be considered, or different types of a regulation is required.

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Contents Kingston Jamaica 1. Introduction: backgrounds, rationales 2. Methods and Materials: data source, data collection, study sites, rules of identification etc. 3. Results and Discussion characteristics of megabenthos distribution in each sites, sediment property in each sites, duties of contractors, 4. Conclusions * Japanese Approach

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Introduction

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Human activities in deep sea Kingston Jamaica Underwater oil production Total. Finaelf website Compliant Piled Tower www. hess. com/gb 260/bb. htm Gas-hydrate Scientific American 2000, 30

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Deep-Sea Mineral Resources Kingston Jamaica Manganese Nodules (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Cobalt-Rich Crust (Metal Mining Agency of Japan) Polymetallic Sulphide (Metal Mining Agency of Japan)

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Environmental Protection Kingston Jamaica 1962　“Silent Spring”　Rachel Carson 1966 “The Limits to Growth” Roman Club 1972　“Polluter-Pays Principle” OECD 1992 “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS” adoption 1992 “Convention on Biological Diversity” 1994 International Seabed Authority 2000 Mining Code (by the ISA) 2001 Environmental Guideline (the ISA)

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Environmental “Unknown World” RV Challenger Basket star Agassiz, 1888

Introduction Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Abundances of deep-sea benthic organisms in a Pacific Ocean Kingston Jamaica after Fukushima, 2004

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Corporative Research between SOPAC and Metal Mining Agency of Japan JAPAN SOPAC International Technical Cooperative Project ○　Camera/video observations for exploration of mineral resources ○　After finish the projects, photographic data can be used for the aims of Megabenthos observation.

Workshop by the ISA Introduction 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica In environmental study, include assessment studies, it is important to quantity the abundance of the community being studied. Deep-sea environmental studies is not exception. However, our knowledge is so little that it is fair to call the deep sea areas an “unknown world”. Even the present, information regarding abundance is much less than that of shallower water. Metal Mining Agency of Japan conducted a basic survey of exploration of mineral resources in the South Pacific Ocean for the SOPAC. Photographic data of exploration can be re-used for an environmental study. In this presentation, abundances of megabenthic organisms in the areas of manganese nodules, cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic sulphides are compared. And the problems to estimate abundances of megabenthos are addressed.

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Materials and Methods -photo transect methods. Recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for a manganese nodules development

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Still photographs / Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC) Period: 1987 - 1999 Presented by JOGMEC and SOPAC

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Observation sites http: //encarta. msn. com/encnet/features/mapcenter Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Table Number of Materials and covered area

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Identification

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Xenophyophorea Left: Tendal, 1972, Right: Blum, H. White Spots Motile fauna; Shrimp

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Feeding Types a. Suspension feeder: Porifera, Cnidaria, Crinoidea, Ascidiacea b. Deposit feeder: Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, Hemichordata c. Others: Annelida, Mollusca, Asteroidea, Ohiuroidea,

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Sediment Types a. Clay or Ooze (CO): most of the part of seabed was covered by clay or ooze. b. Poor Manganese Nodules area (PM): less than 30% of manganese nodules. c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM): more than 30% of manganese nodules. d. Rocky or Cobble area (CR): rocks or cobbles are lying on the seafloor. e. Crust area (CR): covered by crust.

Workshop by the ISA Materials and Methods 　　2004 September 6 -10 Sediment Types Kingston Jamaica a. Clay and ooze (CO) b Poor manganese nodules area (PM) c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM) d. Rocky or Cobble area (RC) e. Crust area (CR)

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Results and Discussion

Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Seafloor conditions of manganese nodules area

Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Seafloor conditions of Cobalt Rich Crust area

Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Seafloor conditions of Polymetallic Sulphides area

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Faunae Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Phylum: Porifera (Sponges) Eurete erectum (? ) Caulophacus cf. elatus Hyalonema sp Sericolophus sp. (? ) Kingston Jamaica Semperella sp. Hyalonema sp

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Actinaria 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Phylum: Cnidaria Class: gorgonacea Acanthogorgia sp(? ) Iridigirgia sp. Kingston Jamaica Calyptrophora sp (? )

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Pennatulacea Ellisella sp. Virgularia sp. (? ) 　　2004 September 6 -10 Cirrhipathes sp (? ) Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Crinoidea Proisocrinus sp (? ) Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea Benthodytes typica (? ) Benthodytes sp(1) Synallactes profundi (? )

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea ( burrowing sea urchin) Kingston Jamaica

Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA Phylum: Arthuropoda Class: Crustacea ( galathelid crab : Anomura) Aristaemorph sp. (Macrura) ( Brachyura ) 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica ( Brachyura )

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Osteichthyes Benthypteris grallator ( Tripodfish ) Typhlonus nasus 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica

Results and Discussion Workshop by the ISA Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea (sea star) Freyella sp (eight arms) Hymenaster sp. Freyella sp (five arms) 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Others Enteropneusta Octopus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda )

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Abundance 31± 23 193± 329 426± 418 (inds±SD)

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Feeding Habitat 37 29 33 21 60 65 8 14 34

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Summary

Workshop by the ISA Results and Discussion 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Problems Infauna / Protozoa: By means of photo-transect methods, infaunal species and protozoans were ignored. Survey site selection In order to compare between distribution of megabenthos, different ways of the site selection are required.

Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline Kingston Jamaica

Workshop by the ISA Recommended subjects by　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica the environmental guideline

Workshop by the ISA Conclusions 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica 1. Distributions of megabenthos in areas of manganese nodules, cobaltrich crust and polymetallic sulphide were surveyed, by the photo transect methods, which was recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for manganese nodules development. 2. Although characteristics of megabenthos distributions in each site was understood in some extents, problems remained. Particularly to an accuracy of quantitative data sets. 3. According to the mining code, contractors must submitted reports on environmental baseline data and prediction of environmental impact resulting from mining. In addition, these results must be reviewed by the LTC. 4. If megabenthos data is included a regulation for CRC and PS development, intercariblational methods would be required for both contractors and the LTC.

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Kingston Jamaica Supplement Japanese Approaches for deep-sea mineral resources development

Workshop by the ISA 　　2004 September 6 -10 Japanese Approach Manganese nodule: 　1975 – 1999 exploration research 1975 – 1999 environmental research 1990 - 1997 Cobalt Rich Crust: 1987 - present exploration research 1987 - present environmental research 1998 -2001 Polymetallic Sulphide: 1985 - present exploration research 1985 – present environmental research not yet Kingston Jamaica

The Fifth (2003) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium 　　2003 September 15 -19, Tsukuba, Japan Thank you for your kind attention