Workers n The nature of work changed dramatically

+ Workers n The nature of work changed dramatically during the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. n Industrial and factory jobs forced individuals to adapt to a new labor system. n Great Railroad Strike of 1877 n Started spontaneously in Baltimore n Marked by violence n President Hayes called in federal troops n Mostly forgotten today, inspired rise of labor unions

Labor Unions + n Knights n “Noble of Labor & Holy Order of the Knights of Labor: ” n Founded in 1869, initially secret organization n Recruited all workers n Skilled unskilled n Women n Blacks n American n n Federation of Labor Founded by Samuel Gompers, 1886 Male, white, skilled workers Used boycotts & strikes 1901: 1 million, 1920: 4 million 1955, merged with Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) formed AFL-CIO

+ Haymarket Riot n 1886 n Tensions in US exploded in Chicago n AFL supported… so did socialists & anarchists Haymarket Square n 40, 000 -60, 000 workers went on strike n August Spies & Albert Parsons (two anarchists leaders) called a meeting, police marched into the rally n No one knows who but… Socialists thought workers should own means of production Anarchists deeply distrusted any gov’t

+ Haymarket Riot n 7 officers died n Spies, Parsons & 6 others tried & convicted n No way they could have thrown it n Gompers disagreed with anarchists but “fighting for labor from different sides of the house” n Still, hung November 11, 1887 Proved justice was not possible for those who protested in Gilded Age America

+ Homestead Strike n 1892, Homestead, Pennsylvania n Carnegie & his partner Henry Clay Frick lowered wages by 20% n Workers went on strike… Frick closed the plant, fired everyone, built an 8 -ft fence around it n Hired non-union workers & Pinkerton agents to protect them Pinkerton Agency: created in North during Civil War… turned into quasi-police for industrial owners in conflict with unions in late 1800 s

+ Homestead Strike n Homestead workers fought back n No one knows who fired first but… strikers & Pinkerton detectives kept shooting n 5 -9 workers died, 3 -10 Pinkerton agents n Pennsylvania n Frick sent in 8, 000 militia brought in new workers n Public opinion blamed Carnegie/Frick

+ Homestead Strike n Homestead workers fought back n No one knows who fired first but… strikers & Pinkerton detectives kept shooting n 5 -9 workers died, 3 -10 Pinkerton agents n Pennsylvania n Frick brought in new workers n Public n sent in 8, 000 militia opinion blamed Carnegie/Frick Regardless, Frick won Carnegie also blamed Frick, never spoke again

+ Pullman Strike n 1894 n American Railway Union n Created by Eugene V. Debs, 1893 George Pullman made railway cars… the very best n Built his own town, Pullman Illinois (keep employees out of strike) n 12 miles outside Chicago n 8, 000 workers & their families n Panic of 1893, cut wages, kept rent high… workers went on strike Disrupted mail, President Cleveland sent in Federal troops n Riot, 34 people killed, Debs arrested, union disbanded

+ Socialist Party n Eugene by jail V. Debs was transformed n Came out convinced American economic system was stacked against workers n First supported Populists n Then founded the Socialist Party in the United States n 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920 ran for president Socialists Party: Government ownership of nation’s major industries & mandate for higher salaries for workers

+ Unions n United Mine Workers of America Founded in Columbus, Ohio n 1890 n n Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Founded in Chicago n 1905, led by William D. “Big Bill” Haywood n Wobblies n Organized to bring together nation’s workers into “one big union” n Welcomed all, even foreign born n n Ideas n of classless society…too radical Members branded as anarchists & criminals

+ Triangle Shirtwaist Factory n In New York City alone, over 40, 000 people worked in the garment trades in the early 1900 s n 1911 n https: //vimeo. com/69541895

+ Progressive Movements n Numerous people in the United States were thinking about how best to respond to the extraordinary changes brought about by immigration, urbanization, and the rapid industrialization of the country. n These upper-class reformers, newspaper reporters, ministers, writers, and college professors proposed new ways of ordering economic and political life.

+ The Professors n Many opposed the idea of reform. n Supporters of Social Darwinism. n n “Survival of the Fittest” Attempts to reform society were harmful - tampered with the laws of nature

+ Muckrakers n -raking through filth n US journalists in the early 1900 s who exposed corruption in politics & business n Term first used by Teddy Roosevelt

+ Muckrakers n -raking through filth n US journalists in the early 1900 s who exposed corruption in politics & business n Term first used by Teddy Roosevelt

+ Rise of Cities n Number of people living in cities increases sevenfold from 1860 to 1910. n Department stores, electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones n Immigration & Industrial Development n 1920 - the city the center of economic, social, and cultural life

+ The Rise of Machine Politics and the Progressive Response n Many city governments were incapable of meeting the demands of a growing population. n Machines traded services for votes n Best known was Tammany Hall in New York City n William M. “Boss” Tweed

+ • Thomas Nast • Influential political cartoonist • Staunch critic of Tweed and Tammany Hall

Reforms Impact Society n Political n Direct Process primary instead of party leaders deciding n Initiative gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot with a petition n Referendum allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by legislature by a direct popular vote n Recall gave voters power to remove public servants from office

Social Gospel + n Based on the idea that improving society was both the right thing for religious people to do and God’s will What would Jesus do?

+ Settlement House n Settlement Houses - Jane Addams’ Hull House in Chicago n Professional Social Workers n Provided services to the poor n Also took the side of the poor in labor and legal disputes.

Women’s Rights n Women helped bring about Progressive reform n Working women usually meant dangerous, long hours, & gave their money to husbands, dads, or brothers n More opportunities n Wanted to be more than wives & moms n By 1900, 1/3 of all college students were women

Economic Issues n 1903, Oregon law capped women’s work days to 10 hours n Long hours harmed women and families n Supreme Court, Muller v. Oregon n Women could be “properly placed in a class” by themselves n Victory? n National n Put Consumers League (NCL) labels on “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions”

+ Temperance Movement

Teddy Roosevelt

TR n Harvard grad n New York State Assembly n Retired to Ranch out West n Assistant Secretary of the Navy n Lead the Rough Riders n War hero n Governor of New York n Pushed Progressive reforms n Mc. Kinley’s VP n President

+ n Square Deal TR’s domestic program n 1. Conserve natural resources n 2. Control corporations n 3. Consumer protection • Coal miner strike, 1902 • Sympathized, but needed coal • Compromised • 1 st time fed stepped into labor dispute “When I say I believe in a square deal, I do not mean to give every man the best hand. If good cards to not come to any man, or if they do come, and he has not got the power to play them, that is his affair. All I mean is that there shall be no crookedness in the dealing. ”

+ Progressive Reforms n Trustbuster n Difference between “good” & “bad” trusts n Northern Securities Company Limited n Sherman Antitrust Act n 1890, first federal antitrust measure n Promote economic competition n Not the first Progressive federal Progressive movement n Garfield, Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act n 1883, reformed the spoils system n Regulated Food & Drug Industries n Lasting result of Progressives’ gov’t responsibility

+ Roosevelt & African Americans n Invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House. n Roosevelt had a decidedly mixed record on African. American concerns. n In symbolic ways, Roosevelt did more to support African-Americans than several of his predecessors or successors. “The members of the white race… should understand that every lynching represents by just so much a loosening of the bands of civilization. ”

+ n. TR left after 2 terms, still powerful force n 1908, Secretary of War, William Howard Taft

+ Taft’s Agenda Differs n Set his own agenda n Didn’t lower tariffs as much as TR wanted n Pushed for gov’t control over phone & telegraph rates, & an income tax n Dropped n Twice TR’s distinction of good & bad trusts as many lawsuits against corporations

+ Election of 1912 n TR threw his hat in the ring TR won in states with primary elections n Taft in caucus states… but controlled the party machine = won the Republican nomination n

+ Election of 1912 n TR threw his hat in the ring TR won in states with primary elections n Taft in caucus states… but controlled the party machine = won the Republican nomination n 4 th candidate. .

+ Election of 1912 n TR threw his hat in the ring TR won in states with primary elections n Taft in caucus states… but controlled the party machine = won the Republican nomination n 4 th candidate. .

+ Woodrow Wilson n Implemented his“New Freedom” Planned 4 major initiatives: • Conservation • Access to raw materials program • Banking/finance • Tariff/taxes n Wilson failed miserably in race relations. n Wilson a staunch white supremacist n Allowed segregation in federal government offices, also anti-immigrant Re-seg regated military the

+ Woodrow Wilson n Lowered n… n 16 th tariffs lost money amendment n Congress had power to collect income tax without restriction n Graduated income tax n Very controversial, even today

+ 2016

Regulation of Commercial Banks + n 1913, Federal Reserve n Put banks under control of Fed n Still in place today Too much federal power? n n Wilson strengthened Anti-trust n Workers n gained rights Workingman’s Compensation Act (1916)

+ Progressives’ Legacy n Lasting effect n Political reforms n Antitrust laws, Fed n Gov’ts role in managing natural resources