Wordle An Interview with Nina Wu Gable TRIVIA

Wordle

An Interview with Nina Wu Gable

TRIVIA � According to the 2010 Census, The most widely spoken second language in the US was Spanish. Do you know what the second most widely spoken second language was? � That’s right, Chinese! The Census recorded 2. 6 million people in the US who speak Chinese as their Second Language at home

TRIVIA � The 2010 Census Bureau also released their projected percentage increase of Asian-Americans in the United States from 2008 -2050. What do you believe this percentage was? A. ) 77% B. ) 112% C. ) 161% D. ) 39%

TRIVIA ANSWER �It’s 161%! The Census believes that there will be a 161% increase of Asian-Americans in the United States between 2008 -2050. That is certainly a significant idea to consider, especially for our teachers

Representation of Chinese-Americans in Public Schools �According to an article by Angela Kim and Christine Yeh, the population of Asian. Americans doubled from 1980 -1990, and is expected to double again between 19902020 �What does this mean for our school systems?

Statistics of Asian-American Students �Throughout the country, the dropout rate for Asian-American students is lower than the dropout rate for all other races (U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2012). The Condition of Education 2012 (NCES 2012 -045), Indicator 33. )

Statistics of Asian-American Students �Examining the 2012 SAT Scores from across the country, Asian-American students led all other races in every area except for Critical Reading scores, where their mean score was 11 points lower than White students (http: //nces. ed. gov/fastfacts/display. asp? id=1 71)

Chinese-Americans in the Public School System � The influx of Asian-American immigrants means that there will be a significant increase in the number of Asian-American students in our public schools � We as teachers need to examine how we view and treat these students, and how we can do so in a way that will help these students succeed

The Stereotype of Chinese. Americans � Some of the educational stereotypes of Chinese. American students include the following: “Overachievers” “Nerdy” “Great in math and science” “Uninterested in fun” (S. Lee, 1996)

The Stereotype of Chinese. Americans Continued � The educational stereotyping of Chinese-American students can be extremely detrimental � The stereotype that many teachers hold for their Chinese. American students, that they are “whiz kids” who are immune to educational and behavioral problems, might prevent these students from seeking help when they need it (S. Lee, 1996)

The Stereotype of Chinese. Americans Continued We need to recognize that our Chinese-American students are not always model students � In fact, a study (Lorenzo, Frost, & Reinherz, 2000) found that although Asian American students did better academically and had fewer delinquent behaviors than Caucasian Americans, they reported more depressive symptoms, withdrawn behavior, and social problems. They also had poorer self-images and reported more dissatisfaction with their social support. �

So, How Can We Help Our Chinese. American Students? � We can learn first about the Asian- American population in our school district � We must also treat each student as an individual, and not according to a group stereotype (Feng, 1994) � Recognize that a Chinese-American student may struggle academically, and should not be made to feel ashamed for doing so

Helping our Chinese-American Students � Ask them if they need help, but do so on a one-to-one level so as not to embarrass the student � Understand that it may not be appropriate in their culture to ask questions or for help in class � Chinese culture emphasizes respect for adults, particularly adults in authority � Find a way to incorporate their own culture into the classroom

Helping our Chinese-American Students � How can we help to incorporate Chinese culture into our own classrooms? � Well, were you aware that there is actually an Asian. American and Asian-Pacific month?

Asian-American/Asian-Pacific Month � There is actually an Asian-American/Asian-Pacific Month! � “In June 1977, Reps. Frank Horton of New York and Norman Y. Mineta of California introduced a House resolution that called upon the president to proclaim the first ten days of May as Asian-Pacific Heritage Week. The following month, senators Daniel Inouye and Spark Matsunaga introduced a similar bill in the Senate. Both were passed. On October 5, 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed a Joint Resolution designating the annual celebration. Twelve years later, President George H. W. Bush signed an extension making the week-long celebration into a month-long celebration. In 1992, the official designation of May as Asian-Pacific American Heritage Month was signed into law. ” (http: //asianpacificheritage. gov/about. html)

Asian-American/Asian-Pacific Month Continued This information is most likely not known to students, but it is incredibly beneficial to us as teachers � We can use this time in May to introduce our students to Asian -American culture, and, in our case, to Chinese-American culture �

How to Use This in Our Classrooms � We can use primary sources in this case to help introduce our students to Chinese culture � For example, we can introduce our students to primary sources related to immigration of the Chinese to America

The Common Core and These Lessons Using the website http: //asianpacificheritage. go v/about. html teachers can actually find a plethora of resources related to these primary sources, and even look up how the use of these sources relates to the common core! � On the left is an example of MI Common Core Standards that are met when we use these primary sources for Grade 11 (just to use an example grade) �

How Teachers can Use http: //asianpacificheritage. gov/about. html � This website contains primary and secondary sources that students may be interested in Interviews between young students and Chinese grandparents regarding the grandparent’s immigration to Wedding photograph of a Chinese America couple, taken from them on Angel Island Photographs of Chinese immigrants An actual flyer distributed in an effort to boycott Chinese business

Chinese-Americans in Curriculum � Chinese-Americans are vastly A group of NCTA Teachers underrepresented in our nationwide curriculum � In an effort to correct this, the National Consortium for Teaching about Asia (NCTA) was founded in 1998, as a nationwide initiative to help encourage the teaching and learning of Asia and Asian culture in classrooms across the country (http: //www. ucis. pitt. edu/ncta/)

Programs for Chinese-American Students � One of the issues Chinese-American students struggle with is the fact that they may speak English as a second language � The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund has examined the treatment of Asian. American, including Chinese-American, students and how NCLB does not account for these students

Programs for Chinese-American Students Continued � The Asian-American Legal Defense and Education Fund has several suggestions for how Chinese-American students can be better represented in our schools: Create more Native Language Assessments, so Chinese-American students can take assessments in their native language Create more Bilingual Education Programs Use Multiple Forms of Assessment Increase Professional Development and Increase Hiring of Professionals Who Can Help These Students

Chinese-Americans in the Media � According to the National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium (2005), Asians are vastly underrepresented in the media � Asians that are granted acting roles are typically only given roles that perpetuate the stereotypes of Asian culture

Chinese-Americans in the Media � Images of Chinese- Americans in the media tend to perpetuate the stereotypes that Asian Americans are the “Model Minority”--that they are Notice how serious these characters are-always a high status as if a smile would make them seem less than professional, determined to be successful and perfect in every way � This stereotype is not always a positive one!

Chinese-American Women in the Media � Chinese-American Women in the media are often portrayed as exotic and subservient, and reliant on their exotic beauty, a stereotype that stems from Western colonization of Asian cultures, when women were seen as objects or commodities (Chan, 1988)

Chinese-American Men in the Media �In the media, Asian American (including Chinese-American) males are often portrayed as the following: Evil male villains Uncultured and/or unfriendly individuals Masters of Kung Fu

Traditional Chinese Gender Roles Gender roles were greatly influenced by Confucianism. It was a patriarchal structure with the father and eldest son in dominant roles. There were also multiple generations under one roof. (Wong, 2006) � Females were in a subordinate position and brought up to respect male hierarchical authority. � (http: //ssrdqst. rfmh. org/cecc/index. ph p? q=node/24)

Chinese American Gender Roles There is no typical Chinese American family, but there has been a shift from traditional Chinese gender roles to a more egalitarian philosophy. � In the U. S. , Chinese women have assumed more assertive roles helping to support their families financially. � They often are in the position of caring for children and elderly parents as well. � (http: //ssrdqst. rfmh. org/cecc/index. ph p? q=node/24)

Chinese American Language � 76. 3% of Chinese Americans speak a language other than English at home, while 23. 7% speak English only at home. (http: //chineseculture. about. com/b/2009/04/30/chinese-americans-by-numbers 2. html) �Many Chinese Americans speak the Chinese languages of Mandarin and Cantonese.

Chinese American Language � Chinese is the third most spoken language in the U. S. after English and Spanish. (http: //www. stanford. edu/gr oup/ethnoger/chinese. html) � Chinese is maintained through homes, community based language schools, newspapers, radio, television and through foreign language classes at mainstreamed schools and universities. (Wang)

Chinese American Work Ethic Chinese Americans, as a whole, have a very strong work ethic. Working diligently is a value in Confucianism. � Many are highly educated and in professional jobs. Some are small business owners. � There are many at the poverty level, are unemployed, in unskilled employment or have 2 or more jobs. � (http: //ssrdqst. rfmh. org/cecc/index. php? q= node/24)

Traditional Chinese Religion � Confucianism- There is great value in moral principles being taught at a young age and throughout life. � Mutual respect, reverence and obedience to elders is expected. � Duty, obligation, importance of family name, service and self sacrifice to elders are stressed. (Wong, 2006)

Traditional Chinese Religion Buddhism- The primary teachings shared by all schools of Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path and the Precepts. � Within these teachings are woven the Buddhist doctrines of suffering (dukkha), the five aggregates of being (skandhas), no-self (anatta, shunyata), ethics, karma, rebirth, enlightenment and Nirvana. � (http: //buddhism. about. com/od/bas icbuddhistteachings/The_Basics_W hat_the_Buddha_Taught. htm)

Traditional Chinese Religion � Taoism- A way to live a peaceful life in harmony with nature. � It forms the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. � Meditation, tai chi breathing exercises, herbal medicine and acupuncture a part of Taoism. (http: //ssrdqst. rfmh. org/cecc/inde x. php? q=node/24)

Chinese American Religion

Chinese American Religion �A comprehensive nation wide survey was taken regarding Asian American religion practices by The Pew Forum and Religion and Public Life in 2012. � 52% of the Chinese Americans polled, 15% were atheistic or agnostic and 37% were ‘nothing in particular’. �Chinese Americans were the highest percentage of all Asian American that were unaffiliated.

Chinese American Religion � 3 out of 10 Chinese Americans identified as Christian. � Some Asian Americans may follow traditions such as Confucianism or Chinese folk religion, yet not necessarily identify with a religious affiliation. (http: //www. pewforum. org/Asian. Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faithsoverview. aspx)

Traditional Chinese Medicine �Traditional Chinese medicine is influenced by the philosophy of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism and has been practiced for thousands of years. �The Chinese diet is based on the yin and yang balance and appropriate food and herbal medicine is utilized to nurture and treat the body. (Feng, 2002)

Chinese American Health Issues �The degree to which the U. S. health care system is utilized by Chinese Americans is potentially determined by how long they or their family has been in the U. S. �Many combine traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine to treat their illnesses. (Feng, 2002) �The Chinese potentially face a series of barriers in fully utilizing the American health care system, such and language and communication.

Chinese American Health Issues Traditional Chinese medicine can be easier to access and more readily comprehensible. � By underutilizing the health care system, Chinese give the impression that there are fewer health problems facing Asian. Americans relative to other minority groups. � The opposite is true; according to health specialist Grace Ma of Temple University, Chinese people face a host of illnesses that are especially prevalent among Asian communities: - urinary tract infections - tuberculosis - hepatitis � While these diseases are all recognized in the United States, they are not given special attention when Chinese patients are being treated. (Feng, 2002) �

Chinese American Health Issues �Chinese Americans are at 6 times higher risk of dying from liver cancer caused by Hepatitis B than Caucasians. �Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the 2 leading causes of death in Chinese Americans. �Chinese women 65 and over have 3 times the rate of suicide of white women living in the U. S. (http: //www. stanford. edu/group/ethnoger/chinese. html)

Question for you: How many Chinese Americans are there in the United States?

Chinese American Demographics As of March 2012, there were 4, 010, 114 Chinese Americans in the United States. � Chinese Americans make up 23. 2% of the Asian population of the U. S. � As of the 2010 Census, over half of all Chinese Americans lived in California or New York. (http: //www. apacc. net/asian� pacific-american-stats-and-facts)

Question for you: What is the percentage of Chinese Americans in Michigan?

Michigan Population by Ethnicity (http: //www. apacc. net/asian-pacific-american-stats-and-facts)

Asian Population in Michigan (http: //www. apacc. net/asian-pacific-american-stats-and-facts)

Chinese Migration to the U. S. �Main Impetus= annexation of California This led to not only American expansion toward Asia, but also the migration of Asians to America.

The Lure of “Gam Saan” Chinese laborers were imported to build the transcontinental railroad & to bring the fertile lands of CA to cultivation. Many sought sanctuary from intense conflicts in China (i. e. wars) Harsh economic conditions also drove Chinese immigrants to seek survival in American ▪ starvation � Learning about “Gam Saan, ” or “Gold Mountain” led many of the younger, more daring Chinese men to leave their villages for the “gold hills” of CA. �

What About the Women? � Chinese tradition & culture limited migration for women Confucianism defined the place of a woman; she was instructed to obey her father as a daughter, her husband as a wife, & her eldest son as a widow. She would leave her home to join the family of her husband ▪ Perhaps most tellingly, a daughter’s name was not recorded on her family tree; it was entered later next to her husband’s name in his genealogy. Wives were also left behind when men immigrated to America as insurance the husband would return one day & continue to send money in the meantime (i. e. “hostage theory”) ▪ Also, there was racial hostility; many whites viewed the Chinese as threatening to racial homogeneity. ▪ Federal immigration policies were enacted to bar Chinese women This led to “community of Bachelors” ▪ Wives at home ▪ Most Chinese women in America were prostitutes brought here against their will or under false pretenses and forced into prostitution.

“Community of Bachelors” Thousands of men had come to America in search of Gold Mountain, but never returned. ▪ Gradually over the years, as they built their business and developed personal & social ties to their new community, they came to feel detached from their homeland & their families. San Francisco’s Chinatown, 1906 (notice all the men!)

Emergence of “Chinatown” �Gradually, the Chinese were creating their own communities in America—detaching themselves from China, never to return. Chinatown emerged in San Francisco ▪ Immigrants also built Chinatowns in rural towns like Sacramento, Marysville, & Stockton where these business communities served the needs of Chinese miners and farmers. ▪ Altars were built to honor their gods & they began celebrating traditional holidays like Chinese New Year.

San Francisco Earthquake �A natural disaster occurred that changed the course of Chinese-American history The fires from the San Francisco earthquake destroyed almost all of the municipal records & opened the way for a new Chinese immigration. ▪ Chinese men could now claim they had been born in San Francisco, & as citizens they could bring their wives to the U. S. ▪ Women arrived in increasing numbers, providing a viable base for the formation of Chinese American families. More Chinatowns established in major cities ▪ Children raised in Chinatown; watched their parents work long hours as laundrymen, seamstresses, & cooks in restaurant kitchens. ▪ Children urged by parents to study hard so that they could have better lives. ▪ For 2 nd generation Chinese, education was viewed as the way to “get up there” with the whites

Chinese-American Timeline 1848 Discovery of gold in the Sacramento Valley sparked the Gold Rush 1850 s First Chinatown established in San Francisco 1849 1865 Chinese migrants began arriving in America Chinese workers hired to help build the transcontinental railroad

Chinese-American Timeline 1906 San Francisco Earthquake; Chinese women began emigrating to the U. S. by the thousands 1875 The “Page Law” prohibited the entry of prostitutes & Chinese wives 1882 1932 More Federal immigration policies — “The Chinese Exclusion Act” banned Chinese laborers from entering U. S. Essay “Problems of Second Generation Chinese” published; author wrote about how the two cultures (Chinese & American) met & sometimes clashed

Intercultural Relations-Question #1 � In 1982 an incident that occurred in Michigan highlighted the cultural relations between Caucasians and Asian. Americans at the time. It received national attention and became a rallying point for Asian Americans and their quest for civil rights. What happened?

Answer= the murder of Vincent Chin � Vincent was beaten to death by two White men who called him a “jap” (even though he was Chinese-American) They blamed him and Japanese automakers for the current recession and the fact that they were about to lose their jobs. � The equally tragic part of this murder were how Vincent's murderers were handled by the criminal justice system. The men were sentenced to 2 years probation and a $3, 700 fine -- absolutely no jail time at all. � This verdict and sentence outraged the entire Asian American community in the Detroit area and all around the country. As one Asian American pointed out, "You can kill a dog and get 30 days in jail, 90 days for a traffic ticket. “ http: //www. asian-nation. org/racism. shtml

Intercultural Relations- Trivia Question #2 What popular TV show are these two quotes, which highlight current stereotypes of Asian American, from? � Mike Chang: I got an A-, Tina. � Tina Cohen-Chang: You got an Asian F? � Mike Chang Sr. : My grandmother in China knew three English phrases: "Coca-Cola", "'Kiss my grits" and "Harvard University. " Deep in Hubei province, this old woman knew the best school in America. That's where my son belongs.

Answer= Glee Current Asian American stereotypes (particularly concerning education) are highlighted by the Chang family

Intercultural Relations- Question #3 �What controversial memoir written by a Chinese-American mother received a “firestorm of criticism” over Chinese parenting techniques and expectations (i. e. so-called “tiger parenting? ”)

Answer: “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother” Read more about the controversy here: � http: //www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/01/10/amy-chua- tiger-mom-book-one-year-later_n_1197066. html

Leading States The leading States for Chinese Americans are California, New York, Hawaii, Texas and New Jersey. Together these five States constitute more then 80% of the Chinese American population with 40% being in CA alone. Chinese American Population by leading U. S. States California 1, 122, 187 New York 451, 859 Hawaii 170, 803 Texas 121, 588 New Jersey 110, 263 Massachusetts 92, 380 Illinois 86, 095 Washington 75, 884 Florida 59, 280 Pennsylvania 56, 831

Stereo types Some Americans today and may cast some negative reaction to fear toward the Chinese and businesses. Labeling a group with names that are hurtful or not accepted by that group can also be a result. Here a few: v Chink v Oriental is sometimes offensive instead of giving a specific origin or using the group name Asian is preferred. v Yellow people v Bamboo Coon v Coolie-refers to Chinese rail workers of the 1800’s who wore triangle hats-menial workers v Mook-wooden dummy used in Kung Fu training v Cookie-fortune cookie v Rice Paddy-grow rice in Asian and Japan

Gold Rush leads to Anti-Chinese Movement �During the beginning of the Gold Rushes in North American, the Chinese were not the main target of discrimination and racism. �However, after the economic downturn when the Gold Rush period slowed, the people were looking for a scape goat to blame. �The Chinese had proven to be hard working and less demanding as a labor force. �These qualities did little to shield them from the anti-Chinese movement that surged up from newspapers and exploded into an intense hatred toward the group.

Anti-Chinese Movement � � � The Chinese were a critical piece of the work force for the railroad building as well as the Gold Rush labor and were cast aside. Many merchants of the late 1860’s were overextended with credit and hard to sell goods. Also, they were unable to find work in restaurants and laundries and turned to farms, ranches and coal mines. As a result, the Chinese turned to farms, ranches, and coal mines for work which caused white laborers to feel that their livelihood was being threatened. So, discriminatory laws and regulations were passed against the Chinese by the governments in those areas. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first and only time an entire group of people were forbidden to come into America. This is just one of many laws passed that were discriminatory toward the Chinese.

Hate Crimes �There have always been ill-treatment of the Chinese by some of the American people since their immigration began. �However, there has been a recent upturn in hate crimes directed at the Asian culture in general related to our American economic struggles. �Vincent Chin in 1982 - Licence to Commit Murder

Hate Crimes Vincent Chin in 1982 He was beaten to death by two white men, Ronald Ebens and Michael Nitz, who thought he was Japanese, in reaction to the recession and that they were about to become unemployed. They blamed it on Mr. Chin and the Japanese automakers. � 2 nd crime in this case is how the justice system failed the victim. The murderers were given two years probation and $3, 700 fine with zero jail time. They were not even put on trial, but allowed to obtain a plea bargain for reduced charges of manslaughter(accidentally killing). � � These two guys chased him down with a baseball bat after leaving a bar. “This verdict and sentence outraged the entire Asian American community in the Detroit area and all around the country. ”

Anti-Chinese Movement �The Chinese were also blamed for every other social evil as well: Ø Prostitution Ø Opium smoking Ø Epidemics Ø Corruption

Intercultural Relationships � Intercultural Relationships is defined as relationship between individuals from other cultures. � Factors that have influenced the increase of intercultural relationships internet social tools growing diversity in the workplace “ Among opposite-sex married couples, one in 10 (5. 4 million couples) are interracial, a 28% jump since 2000. In 2010, 18% of heterosexual unmarried couples were of different races (1. 2 million couples) and 21% of same-sex couples (133, 477 couples) were mixed. “(USA TODAY)

Intercultural Relationships http: //www. asian-nation. org/interracial. shtml Chinese Men ALL SPOUSES USR+USR or FR USR + USR only Chinese 88. 8 63. 9 53. 6 Other Asian 4. 8 12. 9 14. 8 White 5. 2 19. 2 26. 5 Black 0. 1 0. 2 Hispanic/Latino 0. 7 2. 1 2. 6 Multiracial & All Others 0. 5 1. 7 2. 3 Population Size (x 1000) 707. 0 140. 8 96. 8 Women Chinese 79. 9 52. 4 46. 1 Other Asian 3. 5 9. 9 10. 4 White 14. 5 31. 9 37. 7 Black 0. 3 0. 7 Hispanic/Latino 0. 9 2. 8 Multiracial & All Others 0. 8 2. 3 2. 4 Population Size (x 1000) 777. 9 138. 5 112. 6

Education Competition Asian Nation �Asians have the highest numbers of any race or ethic group. 50% over the age of 25 have a B. A. or higher level education 85% high school graduation rate 10% over 25 have advanced degrees Master’s, Ph. D. , M. D. , J. D. Only 10% of Americans over 25 have advanced degrees.

Museum of Chinese in America �This museum depicts an in depth look at the journey of the Chinese American people. The Museum of Chinese in America 215 Centre Street New York, NY 10013 (212) 619 -4785 http: //www. mocanyc. org/

�Chinese Americans have a collective history that shared through the vivid museum exhibits/tours. 425 N. Los Angeles Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 http: //www. camla. org/

Chinese-American Wiki http: //chinese-americancultureclan. wikispaces. com/home

References and Resources Museums http: //www. camla. org/ Chinese American Museum http: //www. mocanyc. org/ Museum of Chinese in America Articles and Websites http: //www. aaldef. org/docs/AALDEF-EE-Left-in-the-Margins. NCLB-2008. pdf Asian Americans and NCLB--how Asian-Americans are underrepresented

References and Resources http: //www. academia. edu/1106371/Portrayal_of_Asian_American s_in_U. S. _magazine_advertisements (Article on Asian. Americans in the Media) http: //www. ameredia. com/resources/demographics/chinese. html Many statistics regarding demographics of Chinese American population distribution http: //www. asian-nation. org/interracial. shtml http: //asianpacificheritage. gov/about. html Website about Asian-American month http: //www. caringinfo. org/files/public/outreach/chinese_american _outreach_guide. pdf Chinese American Outreach Guide

References and Resources (http: //docsteach. org/documents/6587575/detail? menu=closed&mode= search&sort. By=relevance&q=chinese+immigration&commit=Go&page= 1) 1875 Page Act http: //docsteach. org/documents/search? menu=open&mode=search&so rt. By=relevance&q=chinese+immigration&commit=Go&page=1 Documents that are really good http: //www. ericdigests. org/1994/teachers. htm Really good article about what teachers should know about Chinese. American students http: //www. eric. ed. gov/PDFS/ED 462510. pdf Great article by Kim about Asian-American students and the stereotypes involved

References and Resources http: //www. ithaca. edu/wise/asian_american/ Excellent site with many links to sites that deal with issues with Asian-American students in school http: //www. law. umaryland. edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr 11062. pdf Article about Asian-Americans portrayed in textbooks http: //www. mocanyc. org/exhibitions/current/the_chinese_american_experience With a Single Step: Stories in the Making of America http: //nces. ed. gov/fastfacts/display. asp? id=171 SAT Statistics from Across the Country

References and Resources http: //www. pewforum. org/Asian-Americans-A-Mosaic-of-Faiths. aspx The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2012, July 19) Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths http: //sitemaker. umich. edu/psy 457_tizzle/asian_american_children Site on Asian-Americans in the Media http: //ssrdqst. rfmh. org/cecc/index. php? q=node/24 NKI- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center of Excellence in Culturally Competent Mental Health (2008) Cultural Profiles: Chinese Americans Takaki, Ronald, (1993) A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York, NY: Back Bay Books/ Little Brown and Company

References and Resources http: //www. ucis. pitt. edu/ncta/ The NCTA (National Consortium for Teaching about Asia http: //www. everyculture. com/multi/Bu-Dr/Chinese-Americans. html Wang, L. (n. d. ) Countries and their Cultures: Chinese Americans. Wong, Morrison G. (2006). Chinese Americans. In P. G. Min (Ed. ) Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. 2 nd Ed. , (pp. 110 -145) Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.