Wordformation processes in Turkish ALLPPT com Free Power

Word-formation processes in Turkish ALLPPT. com _ Free Power. Point Templates, Diagrams and Charts

AIM • • • • Derivation Compounding Onomatopeia Conversion Borrowing Coinage Semantic change Metaphorical extension Clipping Blending Acronym Backformation A multiple process

Derivation Agglutinative morphology: stem sür

4 possibilities of derivation

Productivity of sample derivational suffixes e. g. -m. An: forms nouns of occupation: öğretmen, okutman, sayman, seçmen -tay: forms administrative terms: danıştay, sayıştay, kurultay, Yargıtay -(A)v, -(A)y: form nouns form verbs: görev, sınav, söylev, deney, dikey, olay -s. Al: forms adjectives: dinsel, örgütsel, kalıtsal Some may die out: Old Turkish adjective: aşağırak (daha aşağı)

Note that languages do not tend to derive all logically possible words ü Yaşlı v*yaşsız • Çalışv*çalışıcı (derivation is blocked) • Sürücü

Reduplication Partial reduplication: /p/, /m/, /s/, /r/ • İpince from ince, sımsıkı from sıkı, masmavi from mavi (function: increase in size or add intensity / Applied to adjs and advs) Full reduplication: applied to all word classes except conjunctions&postpositions • (hızlı) yürüdü-adv • (sus sus) sıra sana gelsin – verb • (kim kim) gittiniz- pronoun (function: emphasises continuance or repetition in verbs, İntensity in modifiers and interjections, pluratity in nouns and pronouns)

Grammatical significance • Manner adverbs are formed from adjs by full reduplication * Hızlı hızlı tren ü Hızlı hızlı yürüdü • Frequency adverbs zaman, sık

Phonologically- sound alternations to form rhyming pairs Consonant alternation: • S>f : sıkı fıkı • K>s: kaba saba • S>p: sus pus Internal vowel alternation – mimetic words • <a-u> çar çur, hart hurt, zart zurt Extenders • Fır fır, har, fırıl, harıl Doublets with /m/ • Arı marı, televisyon melevizyon, haber maber, otur motur, etc

Semantically reduplicated word • Synonymous words: sorgu sual, kılık kıyafet, deli divane, ses seda • Near synonyms: delik deşik, ak pak, akıl fikir • Antonymous words: ileri geri, er geç, iyi kötü, tatlı tatsız

Morphologically reduplicated words • • • [yalana dolana] başvurdu [eşe dosta] ayıp olur [çoluk çocuğa] rezil olduk [yandan] yürüdü [eli yüzü] düzgün [bilmiş] konuşma

compounding

Nominal compounds • NOUN pairings • NOUN+3 RD POSS. (çocuk sandalyesi, fizik dersi, okul çantası) • NOUN+CASE NOUN

Nominal compounds • Endocentric compounds : büyükanne, yurtsever, süt beyaz, başkent, yazar kasa • Exocentric compounds: akbaba, Hanımeli, çıbanbaşı

Nominal compounds • ADJECTIVE+NOUN (karaağaç, ilkokul, palabıyık, kırkayak, doğalgaz, toplutaşıma, kesin dönüş, paralı askerlik) • NOUN+VERB (frozen forms: imambayıldı, *kadınbayıldı, külbastı

Verbal compounds • Balık tutmak • Kitap okumak (generic in reference) Vs • El tutmak • Mektup okumak • Dergi okumak

Verbal compounds

Adjectival compounds 3 rd person sing. Possesive marking+adj • Gözü pek, bahtı açık, karnı tok Bare adj+denominal adj • Kısa boylu, orta hararetli Bare N+deverbal Adj • Vatansever V+adj • vurdumduymaz

onomatopoeia • By affixation: hırıldamak, cıvıldamak • By compounding: çıt kırıldım, şıp sevdi • By reduplication: hırıl, şırıl

conversion • Acı (v) vs acı (adj) • Ekşi- (v) vs ekşi (adj) • Ağrı-(v) vs ağrı (N) • Using N as Adj: pamuk, gümüş, kömür • Using V as N: gelir, gider, okur, çıkar

borrowing • The ones kept intact: Trade names: mavi jeans, ice boys, levis, etc • hamburger, cheesecake, fast food, piercing, tattoo, etc • The ones displaying sound modification: radyo, tren, kek, kart, ataç, problem ü Fakslar, faksı, (Nominal inflections) *faksıyorum, *fakstım ü Faksladım, fakslayacağım (verbal inflec. ) • Loan-translation/calque: katma değer vergisi – value added tax, ekran koruyucu-screen saver

coinage • Some words become common words to represent a particular product: selpak for tissue, aygaz for gas, tursil for washing powder.

Semantic change • Alan: in old Turkish-a plane area Now- Professional field (broadened) Dirilmek: O. T. : both to live and resurrect. Now- to resurrect (narrowed down) Reversals: Semantic degradation: alçak- O. T: modest, Now: filthy Semantic elevation: çocuk- O. T: piglet, now-child Eponymy: nouns are converted into common nouns. Eg. Çapanoğlu – bunda çapanoğlu var

Metaphorical extension • istanbul[Boğaz]ı • Dağın [etek]leri • Nehrin karşı [yaka]sı

clipping • Beyaz for Beyazıt • Oto for otomobil • Kondu for gecekondu

blending By using compounding and clipping • Avrupa + Asya > Avrasya

acronyms • TRT: Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu • TC: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti • KDV: Katma Değer Vergisi NOTE: SN. is an abbreviation of sayın, not an acronym.

backformation • İletişim > iletiş-

Multiple processes