Word Structure excitement Root excite Suffix ment Verb

Word Structure • excitement • Root: excite • Suffix: -ment • • Verb • excite (V => N) N Suffix -ment

• unhappy • Root: happy • Prefix: un • Adj • • Prefix un- Adj happy

Constraint on Word Formation • Certain affixes attach to certain kinds of root. • • -ment: V => N => *happiment -ness: Adj => N => *exciteness

More Complex Structures • unhappiness • un. Adj > Adj • happy • -ness Adj > N

• N • Adj • Pre Adj Suff • un- happy -ness

? • N • Pre Adj Suff • un- happy -ness

Morphological analysis • The key to morphological analysis is comparison. • Compare similar forms with recurring units – [graphɔː] ‘I write’ – [graphɛː] ‘he writes’ – [phɛːmi] ‘to speak’

Morphological analysis 1. By finding similar forms with recurring units, use process of elimination to identify morphemes 2. Determine the meaning of the morphemes 3. Determine the order of morphemes in word formation

Japanese • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Roots • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Suffix - Causative • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Suffix - Passive • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Suffix - Negation • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Suffix - Past • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

Suffix - Present • • • [tabeta] [aketa] [tabesaseta] [akesaseta] [taberareta] [akerareta] [tabesaserareta] [akesaserareta] [tabesasenai] [tabesaserareru] ‘X ate Y’ ‘X opened Y’ ‘X made Y eat Z’ ‘X made Y open Z’ ‘X was eaten’ ‘X was opened’ ‘X was made to eat Y’ ‘X was made to open Y’ ‘X does not make Y eat Z’ ‘X does not eat Y’ ‘X is made to eat Y’

English plural allomorphy • What is the plural morpheme in English? • Plural of… ‘cat’ [khæt] ‘cats’ [khæts] ‘dog’ [dɔg] ‘dogs’ [dɔgz]

English plural allomorphy • How is the morpheme realized when no rule applies? ‘bee’ [bi: ] ‘bees’ [bi: z] • Plural morpheme: /-z/ [-z] [-s]

Negative Prefix • • • imbalance [ɪmbælənts] inability [ɪnəbɪləɾi] incomplete [ɪŋkəmplit] irresponsible [ɪɹɪspɑntsəbl ] illegible [ɪlɛʤəbl ] • intolerable [ɪntɑlɹ əbl ]

Allomorphs • • • [ɪm] before labials [iŋ] before velars [ɪɹ] before [ɹ] [ɪl] before [l] [ɪn] elsewhere