WORD FORMATION Deny A Kwary http www kwary

WORD FORMATION Deny A. Kwary http: //www. kwary. net Airlanga University

TYPES OF WORD FORMATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Compounding Conversion Clipping Blends Acronyms Eponyms Affixation (prefixes/suffixes) Coinage Borrowing Backformation

1. COMPOUNDING Definition: Definition Two or more words joined together to form a new word. Examples: Examples Home + work homework Pick + pocket pickpocket (batedor de carteiras, ladrão)

Note: The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Coconut oil made from coconuts. Ø Olive oil made from olives. Ø Baby oil for babies Ø Cathouse a house where men visit prostitutes Ø Blue-movies film that shows people having sex Ø Blue-chip a company or investment that makes a lot of money and is safe to invest in Ø

2. CONVERSION Definition: Definition Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Examples: Examples butter (N) to butter the bread permit (V) an entry permit empty (A) to empty the litter-bin

3. CLIPPING Definition: Definition Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables l Facsimile fax Examples: Examples l Hamburger l Gasoline gas l Advertisement advertise l Omnibus l Veterinarian Vet l Doctor doc

4. BLENDS Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Examples: Motel Motor + hotel l Brunch Breakfast + lunch l Wi-Fi Wireless + Fidelity l Brainiac Brain + Maniac l Brunch Breakfast + Lunch l Email Electronic + Mail l Labradoodle Labrador + Poodle l Metrosexual Metropolitan +Heterosexual l Retrosexual Retrospective + Sexual l

CASE STUDY: BLENDS OR COMPOUNDS ‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin. ’ (cbsnews. com, 25 th November 2003). ‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1, 000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself. ’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2 nd May 2004). Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online,

5. ACRONYMS Definition: Words derived from the initials of several words Examples: Examples severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA

OTHER EXAMPLES OF ACRONYMS: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) RADAR FYI TGIF A. K. A HTML WWW SWOT a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Radio detecting and ranging For Your Information Thanks God It’s Friday Also Known As Hypertext mark-up language World wide web Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

6. EPONYMS (NEOLOGISM) Definition: Definition Words derived from proper names or things. Examples: Examples Kodak Sandwich Celcius Google

7. AFFIXATION (PREFIXES/SUFFIXES) Adding a prefix do -> undo Adding a suffix brief -> briefly Adding a combination of prefixes and suffixes comfort -> uncomfortably

8. COINAGE (NEOLOGISM) Definition: Definition A completely new word is made up from scratch to suit certain purposes. These are often invented by companies with new products or processes, or taken from names. “to coin a phrase” Examples : xerox Vaseline Nylon Skype kleenex yahoo Google

09. BORROWING Definition: Words that comes from other languages. Examples: Dipomat – French Guitar – Spanish Muffin – German Papikra – Hungarian Umbrella – Italian Chocolate – Brazilian Yogurt – Turkish

10. BACK-FORMATION Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis. Examples: editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927)

COMPLETE THE PROCESS AND IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF WORD FORMATION: 1. KETCHUP 2. KIDULT 3. TSUNAMI 4. TELEVISE (TELEVISION) 5. A CRAZY 6. AD (ADVERTSMENT) 7. BRUNCH 8. YOGURT 9. BOOKCASE 10. (TELE)PHONE 11. YOGA 12. SPAGUETTI 13. EMOTICON 14. CROISSANT 15. FLU (INFLUENZA) 16. PRETZEL 17. BABYSIT (BABYSITTER) 18. FINGERPRINT 19. TO BOTTLE 20. SUSHI

COMPLETE THE PROCESS AND IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF WORD FORMATION: 21. LOANWORD 22. EDIT(OR) 23. WEBNAR 24. VET(ERINARIAN) 25. SITCOM 26. TO BUTTER 27. SMOG 28. TORTILLA 29. NARCISISM 30. LINUS (LINUS TOVARD) 31. MOORE’S LAW 32. POSTEL’S PRESCRIPTION 33. THE FINALS 34. DRY (VERB) 35. SEXTING 36. COSPLAY 37. THE WHY 38. CATFISH 39. NACHOS 40. VLOG

COMPLETE THE PROCESS AND IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF WORD FORMATION: 41. FIREPLACE 42. BIOGRAPHICAL + PICTURE → BIOPIC 51. OUTRUN 52. EMAIL – TO EMAIL 53. HIGHLIGHT 43. ALLIGATOR – GATOR 54. KNIFE – TO KNIFE 44. SPLOG (SPAM AND BLOG) 55. MAILMAN 45. LABORATORY – LAB 56. BITTERSWEET 46. CUPCAKE 47. SIMULTANEOUS + BROADCAST 57. NAME – TO NAME 58. TO LAUGH – LAUGH → SIMULCAST 59. GYMNASIUM – GYM 48. U. S. A. (UNITED STATES) 60. ROFL - ROLLING ON THE 49. FOOL – TO FOOL FLOOR LAUGHING 50. NOW (NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN)

COMPLETE THE PROCESS AND IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF WORD FORMATION: 61. GUILLOTINE – JOSEPH IGNACE GUILLOTIN 62. MESMERIZE – FRANZ ANTON MESMER 63. LAUNDROMAT 64. HAIKU – JAPANESE 65. MURDER – FRENCH 66. PAPRIKA – HUNGARIAN 67. SALMONELLA – DANIEL ELMER SALMON 68. PIZZA 69. XEROX 70. GAMBLER – GAMBLE 71. HEROIN 72. OBSESSIVE – OBSESS 73. NICOTINE – JEAN NICOT 74. A TRY 75. PASTEURIZATION – LOUIS PASTEUR 76. NYLON 77. RESURRECTION – RESURRECT 78. DONATION – DONATE 79. SADISTIC – MARQUIS DE SADE 80. EXAMINATION – EXAM