WORD CLASSES SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY Word Classes

WORD CLASSES, SENTENCE STRUCTURE and TERMINOLOGY Word Classes – terminology for words Sentence Structure – the parts that go together to form a sentence Terminology – specific groupings for words

WORD CLASSES Noun ~ a person, place or thing CHAIR Pronoun ~ replaces a noun Common Noun ~ general Proper Noun ~ names Concrete Noun ~ tangible Abstract Noun ~ intangible HE, WHICH, IT HOTEL, CITY DAVE, PARIS GLASS, DOG (an idea or concept) HATRED, JUSTICE Collective Noun ~ plural content GROUP, TEAM

WORD CLASSES Adjective ~ a describing word Verb ~ a doing word Adverb ~ adjective and verb mixed Preposition ~ the where and when of nouns NICE VISIT NICELY IN, ON, WITH Auxiliary verb ~ helps a verb AM leaving Conjunction ~ joins together Determiner ~ the type of a noun IF, AND, BUT A man, THESE men

SENTENCE STRUCTURE A Clause ~ contains a subject and a verb A Simple sentence ~ has one clause/statement John is fishing. A Compound sentence ~ has more than one clause/ statement linked by conjunctions John is fishing and he needs more bait. A Complex sentence ~ has a main clause and lesser clause(s), with a subordinator When he goes fishing, he forgets to take enough bait.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE A Clause ~ has a verb A Phrase ~ does not have a verb watching the sun burn in the sky when I actually got there for the last year this is true

SENTENCE STRUCTURE Agreeing Plurals and Singulars If you want to write proper English, you have to follow a rule called “subject-verb agreement. ” – That means that if the subject is plural (ducks), then the verb needs to be plural (quack). If the subject is singular (duck) then the verb needs to be singular (quacks). – Notice that English verbs, unlike nouns, usually don’t become plural by adding s. In fact, many singular, present-tense verbs end with s, while many plural verbs don’t – exactly the opposite of nouns. – Singular noun: The tap runs – Plural noun: The taps run

SENTENCE STRUCTURE Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences with several nouns My mother and my father are visiting me – right My mother and my father is visiting me - wrong two parents together (and) are plural, each separately (or) is singular My mother or my father is going to call me today – right My mother or my father are going to call me today – wrong

SENTENCE STRUCTURE Agreeing Plurals and Singulars – sentences with several nouns Neither my mother nor my father is going to call me today – right Neither my mother nor my father are going to call me today – wrong Don’t get distracted if there’s another phrase between the subject and the verb. For example, you should say My sister, along with her children, is visiting me next month - right My sister and her daughters are visiting me next month – right

TERMINOLOGY Phoneme ~ the smallest unit of sound in a word (say ‘igh’ in light) Grapheme ~ that same sound written down (write ‘igh’ in light) Morpheme ~ the smallest unit with meaning in a word (‘morph’ is Greek in origin and means form) A Bound Morpheme ~ is dependent (bound) to other morphemes in its word MORPHEME A Free Morpheme ~ has independent meaning MORPHEME

TERMINOLOGY Decoding ~ correctly recognising words Comprehension ~ understanding those words and putting them to their correct use Diagraph ~ two letters with one sound STAIN Triagraph ~ three letters with one sound STITCH Adjacent consonants ~ consonants next to each other which can be heard individually when the word is spoken STRING Prefix ~ an attachment to the beginning of a word UNIMPORTANT, REVIEW Suffix ~ an attachment at the end of a word USELESS, APPLES, JOYFUL