Woods Classifications and Examples Natural Woods Hardwoods beech

Woods; Classifications and Examples Natural Woods · Hardwoods: beech, oak, ash, mahogany, teak · Softwoods: Scots pine, spruce, Douglas fir, · the availability of stock forms, including: rough sawn and P. S. E, · ‘FSC’ marked softwood · Applications for natural woods e. g. furniture, decorative products, jewellery/craft, construction Man Made Boards · Man-made boards: plywood, aero ply, flexiply, marine ply, chipboard, MDF and hardboard · Applications; furniture, work surfaces and exterior projects Laminates and veneers · Veneers such as beech, ash, oak, walnut, paper and foil backed Laminates such as ‘Formica’ (coated printed paper or foil laminates) · Applications for veneers and laminates e. g. decorative surfaces, laminate flooring, jewellery furniture

NATURAL WOODS SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS These are coniferous trees (keep their leaves/needles), have a more open cellular structure which means they grow quicker than hardwoods and as a result are less expensive. these are deciduous (lose their leaves), have a closer cellular structure which means they are slower growing and therefore often more expensive.

HARDWOODS MAHOGAN Y A: reddy/brown in colour. P: fairly strong and durable. Ap: used to make expensive furniture. TEAK OAK A: almost grey/brown – oily in appearance. P: durable, resists decay due to oils. Ap: used to make outdoor furniture. A: deep brown with knots and clear grain. P: durable, knots are often an attractive feature. Ap: used to make furniture. BEECH A: light golden yellow. P: hard and strong, but can warp. Ap: tool handles.

SOFTWOODS SCOTS PINE A: yellowy, long grain. P: fairly strong and durable – easy to work with hand tools. Ap: construction. SPRUCE A: paler yellow, wide grain, small knots. P: easy to work. Ap: paper and construction. DOUGLAS FIR A: more light brown, long grain. P: machines well, blunts tools. Ap: veneer, plywood and construction.

STOCK FORMS ROUGH SAWN This is Through and Through sawn with a circular saw and left as it is. PSE Planned Square Edge—this has one perfectly straight edge. MOULDING S Decoratively planed pieces. SHEET With man made boards these come in sheet sizes of 1220 x 2440 mm but can be any width or length. DOWEL Round, rod shaped pieces.

FSC AKA: Forestry Stewardship Council Found on Softwood. Watch a video about the FSC. Basically they are committed to making sure Forests are used sustainably, for example the replanting of trees after trees are used.

MAN MADE BOARDS PLYWOOD MDF A: made of thin veneers laid at 90 sawdust and resin. degree angles in P: durable, resists decay due to oils. odd layers. Ap: used to P: fairly strong and furniture. durable. Ap: used to make furniture. CHIPBOAR D HARDBOAR D A: made of wood chippings and resin. P: durable, low cost, strong. Ap: used to make cupboards. A: made of sawdust and resin. P: very cheap, fairly strong. Ap: often used in furniture backs.

MAN MADE BOARD: PLYWOOD TYPES FLEXIPLY D: very flexible plywood. P: can be flexed along an edge, this can then be glued and clamped in place. Ap: curved edge furniture. MARINE PLY D: water resistant plywood. P: has a thermoset plastic resin between the layers to keep it water tight. Ap: exteriors and boats. AEROPLY A: very lightweight, thin flexible plywood. P: lightweight. Ap: small products or crafts.

LAMINATES & VENEERS • Watch the video about how Lathes are used to peel Veneers • Common wood veneers are beech, ash, oak and walnut. • Laminates are plastic versions that can be paper or foil backed – these are then stuck onto cheaper materials e. g. man made boards. For example Formica. • These are useful for making products look more expensive, for jewellery making or decorative surfaces.

Woods; Forming, Fabrication and Finishing Product components · Knock Down fittings including: Barrel nut and bolt, corner plates, block connectors and dowels · Common applications e. g. Flat Pack furniture Fastenings including: wood screws, self tapping screws and bolts · Common applications such as temporary joining methods Fabrication methods · Traditional joining methods including: mortise and tenon, dowel, dovetail and comb · Knock Down Fittings and fastenings Finishing · Common forms of wood preservatives including: water based, exterior, stains, yacht varnish and polyurethane varnish · Finishes to enhance aesthetics e. g. gloss paints, stains and colour wash and wax finishes · Methods of application including: spray, dip and pressure treating · Laminate coverings for sheet materials Forming · including steam bending and laminating

FORMING STEAM BENDING • This is where the wood is placed in a steam chamber and heated. • Watch a video about Steam Bending LAMINATING • This is where layers of wood are glued together and clamped into place until dry. • Watch a video about Laminating Woods.

FABRICATION DOWEL Strong joint – held by dowel and glue. Used to make structure. MOTISE & TENON Used to make frames for furniture e. g. undersides of tables. DOVETAIL COMB Strong joint – used for the edges of drawers, very decorative. Strong joint – often used in drawers or edges.

PRODUCT COMPONENTS (FLAT PACK) BARREL NUT CORNER & BOLT PLATE FIXING BLOCKS Secures corners, To secure corners Hidden joints, shelves etc in of furniture. secures corners. furniture. Fairly hidden. DOWEL SELF Used to create TAPPING dowel joints. WOOD SCREW Self tapping Used to create screws cut their dowel joints. own thread.

FINISHING WOOD PRESERVATIVES • water based, exterior, stains, yacht varnish and polyurethane varnish FINISHES TO ENHANCE AESTHETICS • Gloss paints, stains and colour wash and wax finishes • Laminate coverings for sheet materials Methods of application including: spray, dip and pressure treating

EXAM PRACTISE • Find the woods section at the start of your booklet.