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WOMEN IN STEM • A Bit of History • 1636 Harvard opens • 1879 women separate school • 1871 women petitioned • 1920 allowed in Edu • 1945 allowed in Med • 1950 allowed in Law • 1833 – women allowed (Oberlin) • But only some classes • 1980 – 50/50 attendance

WOMEN IN STEM • Science Primarily Male Dominated • Societal constraints • Women felt incapable • Men felt women incapable • Women meant for marriage & babies

WOMEN IN STEM • A Bit of History • Women have been in science • Voices are not as loud • Work has been stolen • Snubbed due to sexism

WOMEN IN STEM • Chien-Shiung Wu • Manhattan Project • Disproved law of parity – cobalt-60 • Colleagues got Nobel – left her out

WOMEN IN STEM • Esther Lederberg • Lambda bacteriophage • Husband got the Nobel and shared it with colleagues

WOMEN IN STEM • Jocelyn Burnell • Discovered pulsars • Supervisor and a colleague got the Nobel

WOMEN IN STEM • School Statistics • K-12 Girls on par with male peers • Gaps found in race/background/income • Less educated parents – less enrollment • Low income – less enrollment • Male students – more likely to take engineering and computer science

WOMEN IN STEM • University Statistics • Women earned 50. 3% of science/engineering degrees • Gender disparity found in minority women • 11. 2% Science/engineering • 8. 2% Grad degrees • 4. 1% Ph. D • Gender disparity in specific sciences • • 17. 9% computer science 19. 3% engineering 39% physical 43. 1% mathematics

WOMEN IN STEM • STEM Workforce Statistics • 50% of college educated workforce • 29% science/engineering • • 62% social 48% bio/ag/enviro sciences 15% computer 25% math • Gender disparity • 35. 2% chemists • 11. 1% physicists/astronomers • 33. 8% environmental engineers • 22. 7% chemical engineers • 17. 5% civil/architectural engineers • 17. 1% industrial engineers • 10. 7% electrical/computer hardware engineers • 7. 9% mechanical engineers

WOMEN IN STEM • STEM Workforce Statistics • Race and ethnicity are salient factors • 70% of STEM workers were white (2013) • 11% are minorities (27% US working age population) • Minority women makeup 1: 10 employed scientists and engineers

WOMEN IN STEM • Current Issues for Women in Stem • Leaving the field • Sexism/harassment • Not first authors • Lack of representation in peer review • Peer treatment

WOMEN IN STEM Report via American Association of University Women

WOMEN IN STEM Report via American Association of University Women

WOMEN IN STEM Report via American Association of University Women

WOMEN IN STEM Report via American Association of University Women

WOMEN IN STEM • Recent studies • Male classmates consider other males more apt in science • Treatment of women likely contribute to them leaving the field • Women forced to choose family or career • Inappropriate work environment

WOMEN IN STEM • Women have struggled • Under-represented • Have made huge contributions • Still some walls to overcome • Must start shifting perspectives • Address bias and hostile environments • Progress isn’t a straight line

TWINS Sources! 1. http: //www. smithsonianmag. com/science-nature/ten-historic-female-scientists-youshould-know-84028788/ 2. https: //obamawhitehouse. archives. gov/node/311241 3. http: //www. washington. edu/news/2016/02/11/male-biology-students-consistentlyunderestimate-female-peers-study-finds/ 4. https: //www. nwhm. org/online-exhibits/education/introduction. html 5. https: //www. usnews. com/education/articles/2009/03/11/historic-firsts-in-womenseducation-in-the-united-states 6. http: //news. harvard. edu/gazette/story/2012/04/hard-earned-gains-for-women-atharvard/ 7. http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2013/13/130519 -women-scientistsoverlooked-dna-history-science/ 8. https: //ngcproject. org/statistics 9. https: //www. theguardian. com/commentisfree/2016/may/31/women-science-industrystructure-sexist-courses-careers 10. http: //www. aauw. org/research/why-so-few/ 11. Images via Google Search

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