Wireless Technologies Why Wireless Human freedom Portability v

Wireless Technologies

Why Wireless? • Human freedom – Portability v. Mobility • Objective: “anything, anytime, anywhere” • Mobility – Size, weight, power – Functionality – Content • Infrastructure required • Cost – Capital, operational

The m-Commerce “Revolution” 1. High mobile phone penetration: 4 per PC worldwide 2. Convergence of the Internet and the mobile phone 3. Transition to 3 rd Generation 4. Personalization, location- & context-sensitive applications and services 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Wireless Subscribers Worldwide 1800 (in millions) 1600 1400 Rest of World Asia Pacific North America European Union 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year SOURCE: UMTS FORUM 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Wireless Telephony AIR LINK WIRED PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK SOURCE: IEC. ORG 20 -751

Cell Clusters ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 3 CELL 1 OVERLAPS 6 OTHERS DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES MUST BE USED IN ADJACENT CELLS SEVEN DIFFERENT SETS OF FREQUENCIES REQUIRED ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 1 SOURCE: IEC. ORG 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Cellular Generations • First – Analog, circuit-switched (AMPS) • Second – Digital, circuit-switched (GSM, Palm) 10 Kbps • Advanced second – Digital, circuit switched, Internet-enabled (WAP) 10 Kbps • 2. 5 – Digital, packet-switched, TDMA (GPRS, EDGE) 40 -400 Kbps • Third – Digital, packet-switched, wideband CDMA (UMTS) 0. 4 – 2 Mbps • Fourth – Data rate 100 Mbps; achieves “telepresence”

GSM Frame Structure SOURCE: DANIEL ROLF 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT ©

UMTS • • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Data at 2 megabits (> T 1) but only indoors Outdoors same as EDGE (384 Kbps) Arthur Andersen says no wireless app needs more than 300 Kbps. WRONG! • Based on WCDMA (wideband CDMA) • Huge spectrum license costs – UK 40 B€; German 50 B€ • GSM to EDGE costs 7% of GSM investment • GSM to UMTS costs 200 -300% of GSM investment SOURCE: WAPLAND 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

UMTS • • ITU open standard: IMT-2000 Includes satellites Different countries use different air interfaces UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) – operating system software for any UMTS device – graphic files, electronic signature data, personal files, fingerprints and biometric data. SOURCE: WAPLAND 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Satellite Systems GEO (22, 300 mi. , equatorial) high bandwidth, power, latency M EO MEO LEO (400 mi. ) high bandwidth, power, latency low power, latency more satellites small footprint V-SAT (Very Small Aperture) private WAN SOURCE: WASHINGTON UNIV.

Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Benefits of AVL • Fast dispatch • Customer service • Safety, security • Digital messaging • Dynamic route optimization • Driver complicance Sample AVL Users • Chicago 911 • Inkombank, Moscow • Taxi companies SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

GPS and Auto Insurance • Need to rate drivers accurately – – age, residence and driving record not enough driving after midnight is 10 TIMES as risky as at 8: 00 a. m. commuting is the safest kind of driving parking in high-crime neighborhoods increases payout • Progressive Insurance (Mayfield, Ohio) • “Autograph” policy: car is outfitted with GPS, cellular modem, microprocessor + 256 KB memory • When ignition is turned on, car records location every six minutes • Once a month, uploaded to Progressive by cellphone

GPS and Auto Insurance • Customer is billed retrospectively every month • 25 -50% savings in premiums • Increases Progressive’s share but also gives them the right share (safe drivers)

Location-Aware Applications • • Vehicle tracking Firemen in buildings, vital signs, oxygen remaining Asset tracking Baggage Shoppers assistance Robots Corporate visitors 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) • Problem: how to obtain data from physical objects – Examples: product ID, price, serial number • Bar code two-dimensional • • Magnetic stripe card RFID CIRCUIT Smart card Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Real-Time Locating Systems (RTLS) TAG WAND READER 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

AIDC Applications • • Highway toll collection Freight containers Animal identification Theft detection Inventory, asset management Traffic control Gas station billing SOURCE: TSS 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Wireless LAN • • Idea: just a LAN, but without wires Not as easy since signals are of limited range Uses unlicensed frequencies, low power 2. 4 GHz – IEEE 802. 11 (wireless ethernet) – Wave. LAN 2 Mbps moving to 11 Mbps • 5. 2 GHz – OFDM (orthogonal FDMA) modem technology (30 Mbps) IEEE 802. 11 • Bluetooth 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Wireless LAN Configurations CLIENT AND ACCESS POINT WIRELESS PEER-TO-PEER BRIDGING WITH DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS + ROAMING UP TO 17 KM ! SOURCE: PROXIM. COM 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Bluetooth • • • A standard permitting for wireless connection of: Personal computers Printers Mobile phones Handsfree headsets LCD projectors Modems Wireless LAN devices Notebooks Desktop PCs PDAs 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Home Connected and Connected Office of Families the PC Future Mobile display pad Office Laptop Electronic Program guide Read & set security system Home Theater control Display News headlines Connect to office LAN Email Home Printer access Surf from anywhere Share files Family Car Trip Navigation downloads Download News/Entertainment Broadband Ethernet or Home. PNA Main Home PC Internet Pipe Grandma’s 3 cups flour 1 cup grated chocolate 1 cup sugar 1 stick butter 1/2 cup chopped walnuts minutes. HOME Cordless Phone INDEX Fridge Pad Remote Speech recognition Call by name Build shopping lists Home PBX Additional PC(s) Family Calendar Recipe Display Build shopping lists Voice messaging Intercom Kids Room PC Grandma’s Brownies 3 cups flour 1 cup grated chocolate 1 cup sugar 1 stick butter Printer access Internet access File access SOURCE: IEEE 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Wireless Application Support • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i. Mode • High-level protocols that use cellular transport • WAP: – – Uses WML (Wireless Markup Language) Divides content into “cards” equal to one telephone screen Simplified but incompatible form of HTML To send to a WAP phone, must broadcast WML content 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS

Key Takeaways • • • Mobile growing very rapidly Cell systems need large infrastructure Wireless LAN does not Content preparation is a problem Wireless business models largely unexplored Bandwidth, bandwidth 20 -751 ECOMMERCE TECHNOLOGY SUMMER 2001 COPYRIGHT © 2001 MICHAEL I. SHAMOS