Wireless Communications Course Syllabus Course Syllabus o General

Wireless Communications Course Syllabus

Course Syllabus o General Information n Credits: 2. 5 Credit Hours Text: Theodore S. Rappaport “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0 - 13 - 042232 -0, 2002. Recommended Reading: o Simon Haykin, Micheal Moher “Modern Wireless Communications”, 2005 o William Stallings “Wireless Communications and Networks”, 2002 o o David Tse, Pramod Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”, 2005 (http: //www. eecs. berkeley. edu/~dtsw) Papers (in Appendix) 2

n Prerequisite: o the principles and fundamentals of communication systems ( signals and systems, Fourier transform and applications, frequency domain representation of signals, probability and random variables, analog and digital modulation techniques. ） n PPT Reference from: Dr. Chen Tso-Cho 3

Course Syllabus o Course Description n o Principles of wireless communication analysis and design. Digital communication basics, cellular radio, wireless PCS communications, multiple access techniques, channel coding and equalization, and standards of digital cellular/ PCS systems, wireless LAN, Mobile ad hoc network Course Objectives and Rough Syllabus n This course is meant to serve as a survey of the issues involved with wireless communications, serving as a bridge from cellular system design and propagation modeling to data networking. 4

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o Topics to be covered, following the outline of the Rappaport course textbook n n n n Introduction to Wireless Communication systems ( Chapter 1) Modern Wireless Communication Systems ( Chapter 2) Cellular System Design Concepts ( Chapter 3) Mobile Radio Propagation: Large- Scale Path Loss ( Chapter 4) Mobile Radio Propagation: Small- Scale Fading and Multipath ( Chapter 5) Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio( Chapter 6) Diversity and Channel Coding( Chapter 7) Multiple Access Techniques( Chapter 9) 6

n n n Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Wireless LANs (802. 11) Mobile Networking and System and Other Recent Technological Developments (Chapters 10 and 11, plus additional materials) Wi. Max (802. 16) Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 7

Course Syllabus o Grading n n Homework and Class Attendance 40% Final Project 60% 8

Candidate Papers for Student Presentations (1) o o o o Any paper from IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine Henry, P. S. ; Hui Luo, "Wi. Fi: what's next? " December 2002. Allotted to Chong Wee-Cheak, Wu Rongying and Li Tian Chiussi, F. M. ; Khotimsky, D. A. ; Krishnan, S. , "Mobility management in third-generation all-IP networks, " September 2002. Akyildiz, I. F. ; Weilian Su; Sankarasubramaniam, Y. ; Cayirci, E. , "A survey on sensor networks, " August 2002. Maniatis, S. I. ; Nikolouzou, E. G. ; Venieris, I. S. , "Qo. S issues in the converged 3 G wireless and wired networks, " August 2002. Sairam, K. V. S. S. ; Gunasekaran, N. ; Redd, S. R. , "Bluetooth in wireless communication, " June 2002. Allotted to Rakesh Sachdeva, Meenakumari Athmanathan and Raihan Syed Gossain, H. ; Cordeiro, C. D. M. ; Agrawal, D. P. , "Multicast: wired to wireless, " June 2002. Rappaport, T. S. ; Annamalai, A. ; Buehrer, R. M. ; Tranter, W. H. , "Wireless communications: past events and a future perspective, " IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002, 50 th Anniversary Issue. 9

o o o o Ramanathan, R. ; Redi, J. , "A brief overview of ad hoc networks: challenges and directions, " IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002, 50 th Anniversary Issue. Bing, B. ; Jayant, N. , "A cellphone for all standards, " IEEE Spectrum, May 2002. Allotted to Preeti Naik and Madhura Maideo Schrick, B. ; Riezenman, M. J. , "Wireless broadband in a box, " IEEE Spectrum, June 2002. F. Hu and Neeraj K. Sharma, "Enhancing Wireless Internet Performance, " IEEE Communication Surveys, Third Quarter 2002. Allotted to Brijraj Vaghani and Nirav shah Joseph P. Macker, Vincent D. Park and M. Scott Corson, "Mobile and Wireless Internet Services: Putting the Pieces Together", IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2001. William Webb, "Broadband Fixed Wireless Access as a Key Component of the Future Integrated Communications Environment", IEEE Communications Magazine, September 2001. Bill Mc. Farland, Greg Chesson, Carl Temme, and Teresa Meng, "The 5 UP™ Protocol for Unified Multiservice Wireless Networks", IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2001. Ariel Pashtan, Mitchell Abel, "Cellular Network Management Goals and Data-Centric Solutions, " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2001. Allotted to John Kent Abraham and Usha Damodaran 10

o o o o Alex Hills, "Large-Scale Wireless LAN Design, " IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2001. Chris Heegard, John (Seán) T. Coffey, Srikanth Gummadi, Peter A. Murphy, Ron Provencio, Eric J. Rossin, Sid Schrum, and Matthew B. Shoemake, "High. Performance Wireless Ethernet, "IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2001. Vipul Gupta and Sumit Gupta, "Securing the Wireless Internet, "IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2001. Allotted to Vinit Nagda and Venetia Raheja Peter Smulders, "Exploiting the 60 GHz Band for Local Wireless Multimedia Access: Prospects and Future Directions, " IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2002. David Tipper, Teresa Dahlberg, Hyundoo Shin and Charlermpol Charnsripinyo, "Providing Fault Tolerance in Wireless Access Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2002. Theodore B. Zahariadis, Konstantinos G. Vaxevanakis, Christos P. Tsantilas, Nikolaos A. Zervos, and Nikos A. Nikolaou, "Global Roaming in Next-Generation Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2002. Allotted to Aarti Narsian and Sayali Ghanekar Kaveh Pahlavan, Xinrong Li, and Juha-Pekka Mäkelä, "Indoor Geolocation Science and Technology, "IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2002. Robert Berezdivin, Robert Breinig, and Randy Topp, "Next-Generation Wireless Communications Concepts and Technologies, " IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002. Allotted to Saurabh Pathak , Dhananjay Indurkar and Himanshu Gupta 11

o o o o Vincent Huang and Weihua Zhuang, "Qo. S-Oriented Access Control for 4 G Mobile Multimedia CDMA Communications, "IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002 Yile Guo and Hemant Chaskar, "Class-Based Quality of Service over Air Interfaces in 4 G Mobile Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002. William C. Y. Lee, "The Most Spectrum-Efficient Duplexing System: CDD", IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002. Magnus Frodigh, Stefan Parkvall, Christiaan Roobol, Per Johansson, and Peter Larsson, "Future-Generation Wireless Networks, " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, October 2001. Allotted to Ashwin Somaiah, Deepali Paknikar and Priya Parasuram Mahbubul Alam and Ramjee Prasad, John R. Farserotu, "Quality of Service among IP-Based Heterogeneous Networks, " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, December 2001. Aurelian Bria, Fredrik Gessler, Olav Queseth, Rickard Stridh, Matthias Unbehaun, Jiang Wu, and Jens Zander, "4 th-Generation Wireless Infrastructures: Scenarios and Research Challenges", IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, December 2001. Allotted to Shawn Nguyen and Visach Son D. Mitzel, "Overview of 2000 IAB Wireless Internetworking Workshop, " Internet Engineering Task Force, Request for Comments: 3002, December 2000. Link to included presentations. 12

o o o o WAP Forum, WAP Technical White Paper, January 2002. Allotted to Vikram Bhonsale and Anand Mohan and Balavenkata kishore Bysani Justin Chuang and Nelson Sollenberger, "Beyond 3 G: Wideband Wireless Data Access Based on OFDM and Dynamic Packet Assignment , " IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2000. Rob Shepherd, "Engineering the Embedded Software Radio , " IEEE Communications Magazine, November 1999. Kwang-Cheng Chen and Shan-Tsung Wu, "A Programmable Architecture for OFDM-CDMA, " IEEE Communications Magazine, November 1999. Richard Comerford, "Handhelds vie for the Internet, " IEEE Spectrum, August 2000. William Sweet, "Cell phones answer Internet's call, " IEEE Spectrum, August 2000. Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Samir R. Das, and Mahesh K. Marina, "Performance Comparison of Two On-Demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks , " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 2001. Kartik Chandran, Sudarshan Raghunathan, Subbarayan Venkatesan, and Ravi Prakash, "A Feedback-Based Scheme for Improving TCP Performance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 2001. 13

o o o o Rahul Jain, Anuj Puri, and Raja Sengupta, "Geographical Routing Using Partial Information for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 2001. Per H. Lehne and Magne Pettersen, "An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Mobile Communications Systems, " IEEE Communications Surveys, Fourth Quarter 1999. Allotted to Edwin A. Chettiar and Pavan Yanala Seshaiah Ponnekanti, "An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Heterogeneous Networks , " IEEE Communications Surveys, Fourth Quarter 1999. Allotted to Ragib Husain and Shaikh Aadil Ahmed Ajay Chandra, V. Gummalla, and John O. Limb, "Wireless Medium Access Control Protocols, " IEEE Communications Surveys, Second Quarter 2000. M. Oliphant, "Radio interfaces make the difference in 3 G cellular systems, " IEEE Spectrum, October 2000, pp. 53 -58. S. Corson and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations (RFC 2501)", Internet Engineering Task Force, January 1999. Ralph Gholmieh, "Overview of Current Research Issues and Developments in Wireless LANs and Wireless ATM", http: //cwc. ucsd. edu/~rgholmie/Wireless. Paper. html. Yurong Hu and Victor O. K. Li, "Satellite-Based Internet: A Tutorial , " IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2001. Allotted to Ilke 14

o o o o Kevin J. Negus, Adrian P. Stephens, and Jim Lansford, "Home. RF: Wireless Networking for the Connected Home , " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 2000. Allotted to Stefana Sweitzer, Michael Schmidt and Miguel Berrios Ljupco Jorguseski, Erik. Fledderus, John Farserotu, and Ramjee Prasad, "Radio Resource Allocation in Third-Generation Mobile Communication Systems, " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Sudhir Dixit, Yile Guo, and Zoe Antoniou, "Resource Management and Quality of Service in Third-Generation Wireless Networks , " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Geng-Sheng (G. S. ) Kuo, Po-Chang Ko, and Min-Lian Kuo, "A Probabilistic Resource Estimation and Semi-Reservation Scheme for Flow-Oriented Multimedia Wireless Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Satyabrata Chakrabarti and Amitabh Mishra, "Qo. S Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Allotted to Kedar Fondekar, Mayuresh S and Sanket Pai Matthew Andrews, Krishnan Kumaran, Kavita Ramanan, Alexander Stolyar, Phil Whiting, and Rajiv Vijayakumar, "Providing Quality of Service over a Shared Wireless Link, " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Rajeev Koodli and Mikko Puuskari, "Supporting Packet-Data Qo. S in Next. Generation Cellular Networks , " IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2001. Helmut Bölcskei, Arogyaswami J. Paulraj, K. V. S. Hari, Rohit U. Nabar, and Willie W. Lu, "Fixed Broadband 15

o o o o Wireless Access: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions, " IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2001. Qi Bi, George I. Zysman, and Hank Menkes, "Wireless Mobile Communications at the Start of the 21 st Century, " IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2001. Jean-Pierre Hubaux, Thomas Gross, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, and Martin Vetterli, "Toward Self-Organized Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, " IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2001. M. Zeng, A. Annamalai, and Vijay K. Bhargava, "Harmonization of Global Third-Generation Mobile Systems , " IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2000. Werner Mohr and Walter Konhäuser, "Access Network Evolution Beyond Third Generation Mobile Communications , " IEEE Communications Magazine, December 2000. Ivano Guardini, Paolo D'Urso, and Paolo Fasano, "The Role of Internet Technology in Future Mobile Data Systems , " IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2000. Allotted to Allison and Dan Mesimer Willie W. Lu, "Compact Multidimensional Broadband Wireless: The Convergence of Wireless Mobile and Access , " IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2000. Frank H. P. Fitzek, Rolf Morich, and Adam Wolisz, "Comparison of Multi. Code Link-Layer Transmission Strategies in 3 Gwireless CDMA , " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2000. 16

o o o o Takayuki Warabino, Shinji Ota, Daisuke Morikawa, Masayoshi Ohashi, Hajime Nakamura, Hideaki Iwashita, and Fumio Watanabe, "Video Transcoding Proxy for 3 Gwireless Mobile Internet Access , " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2000. Allotted to Kevin Kirkpatrick and Mongkol Temrangsitornrat. Dongmei Zhao, Xuemin Shen, and Jon W. Mark, "Efficient Call Admission Control for Heterogeneous Services in Wireless Mobile ATM Networks , " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2000. Özgür Gürbüz and Henry Owen, . "Dynamic Resource Scheduling Schemes for W-CDMA Systems , " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2000. Zhu Lei and Slimane Ben Slimane, "A Multicarrier Allocation (MCA) Scheme for Variable-Rate 3 Gwireless Systems , " IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2000. Jaap Haartsen, "The Bluetooth Radio System, " IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, February 2000. Allotted to Vanm Rohini Ranganaiki and Roubla Nalini Christina Additional Useful Survey Papers and Links Network. World. Fusion Wireless Research Apostolis Salkintzis, "A Survey of Mobile Data Networks, " IEEE Communication Surveys, Third Quarter 1999 17

Ad Hoc Candidate Papers for Student Presentations (2) o Mac Layer: n n n Chane L. Fullmer, J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, "Floor Acquisition Multiple Access(FAMA) for Packet-Radio Networks, " Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 95, Cambridge, MA, August 30 -September 1, 1995. Fabrizio Talucci, Mario Gerla, "MACA-BI(MACA By Invitation) A Wireless MAC Protocol for High Speed ad hoc Networking, " In Proceedings of IEEE ICUPC'97. Zygmunt J. Haas, "On the Performance of a Medium Access Control Scheme for the Reconfigurable Wireless Networks, " IEEE MILCOM'97, Monterey, CA, November 2 -5, 1997. Young-Bae Ko, Nitin H. Vaidya, "Medium Access Control Protocols using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks, " at IEEE INFOCOM'2000, March, 2000. V. Kawadia, S. Narayanaswamy, R. Rozovsky, R. S. Sreenivas and P. R. Kumar, ``Protocols for Media Access Control and Power Control in Wireless Networks, '' Feb. 28, 2001. Elizabeth M. Royer, Sung-Ju Lee and Charles E. Perkins. "The Effects of MAC Protocols on Ad hoc Network Communications. " Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Chicago, IL, September 2000 18

p Mobile IP: n Andrew Myles, David B. Johnson, Charles Perkins. A Mobile Host Protocol Supporting Route Optimization and Authentication. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, special issue on ``Mobile and Wireless Computing Networks, '' 13(5): 839 -849, June 1995. n Foo Chun Choong. "TCP Performance in Mobile-IP". n Charles E. Perkins and David B. Johnson. Mobility Support in IPv 6. To appear in Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobi. Com'96), November 1996. 19

o Unicast Routing in Ad. Hoc Networks: n Charles E. Perkins and Elizabeth M. Royer. "Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing. " Proceedings of the 2 nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, February 1999, pp. 90 -100. . n A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols", Josh Broch, D. Maltz, D. Johnson, etc. n The Effects of On-Demand Behavior in Routing Protocols for Multi-Hop Wireless. Ad-Hoc Networks, David A. Maltz, Josh Broch, Jorjeta Jetcheva, and David B. Johnson. To appear in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications special issue on mobile and wireless networks, 1999. n Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, David B. Johnson and David A. Maltz. In Mobile Computing, edited by Tomasz Imielinski and Hank Korth, Chapter 5, pages 153 -181, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. n V. Park and M. S. Corson, A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'97. n Z. J. Haas and M. R. Pearlman, "The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc Networks, " Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02. txt, June 1999 20

o Multicast Routing in Ad. Hoc Networks: n n n Elizabeth M. Royer and Charles E. Perkins. "Multicast Operation of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol. " Proceedings of Mobi. Com '99, Seattle, WA, August 1999, pp. 207 -218. E. Bommaiah, A. Mc. Auley, R. Talpade and M. Liu, AMRoute: Adhoc Multicast Routing Protocol, in : IETF, Internet Draft , draft-talpade-manetamroute-00. txt, August 6, 1998. C. W. Wu, Y. C. Tay, and C-K. Toh, Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-number. S (AMRIS), in : IETF, Internet Draft , draft-ietf-manet-amris-spec-00. txt, November 24, 1998. Kevin Brown, Suresh Singh, "Rel. M: Reliable Multicast for Mobile Networks, " J. Computer Communications, Vol 21(16) 1998 pp. 13791400. A Performance Comparison Study of Ad Hoc Wireless Multicast Protocols, S. -J. Lee, W. Su, J. Hsu, M. Gerla, and R. Bagrodia, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Tel Aviv, Israel, Mar. 2000. UCLA WAM LAB 21

o Location Based Routing In Ad Hoc Networks: n n n Julio C. Navas and Tomasz Imielinski, "Geographic Addressing and Routing", Proc. of the Third ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobi. Com'97), Budapest, Hungary, September 26 -30 1997 Young-Bae Ko and Nitin H. Vaidya, "Location-Aided Routing(LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks" International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM'98), October, 1998. Young-Bae Ko and Nitin H. Vaidya, "Geocasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Location-Based Multicast Algorithms", at IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA'99), February, 1999. 22

o Transport Protocols for Wireless Networks: n n n n H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan and R. H. Katz. Improving Reliable Transport and Handoff Performance in Cellular Wireless Networks, ACM Wireless Networks, 1(4), December 1995. Hari Balakrishnan, Venkata N. Padmanabhan, Srinivasan Seshan and Randy Katz. A Comparison of Mechanisms for Improving TCP Performance over Wireless Links. IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking, 5(6), December 1997. H. Balakrishnan and R. H. Katz. Explicit Loss Notification and Wireless Web Performance , Proc. IEEE Globecom Internet Mini-Conference, Sydney, Australia, Nov. 1998. R. Caceres and L. Iftode. Improving the Performance of Reliable Transport Protocols in Mobile Computing Environments. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 13(5), June 1995. Gavin Holland, Nitin Vaidya, "Analysis of TCP Performance over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, " Fifth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM), Seattle, August 1999. Ajay Bakre, B. R. Badrinath, "I-TCP: Indirect TCP for Mobile Hosts, " Proceedings of the 15 th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vancouver, Canada, June 1995, pp. 136 --143. Miten N. Mehta, Nitin, H. Vaidya, "Delayed Duplicate-Acknowledgements: A proposal to Improve Performance of TCP on Wireless Links, " Texas A&M University, Technical Report 98 -006. Elan Amir, Hari Balakrishnan, Srinivasan Seshan, Randy H. Katz, "Efficient TCP over Networks with Wireless Links, " Proceedings of Hot. OS-V, Orcas Island, Washington, (May 1995). 23

o Security issues n n n L. Zhou and Z. J. Haas, "Securing Ad Hoc Networks, " IEEE Network Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6, November/December 1999 Authenticated Ad Hoc Routing at the Link Layer for Mobile Systems", Jim Brinkley , 1996 GSM (and PCN) Security and Encryption : Charles Brookson -Chair, Security wing of GSM-MOU Mobile Communications Security: Current Status and Future Trends Ilhana Nurkic Global Communications Interactive '97 Authentication of Mobile Users : Gene Tsudik et. al. IEEE Network, sp. issue on Mobile Comm. Technologies, March/April 1994 Routing Security in Ad Hoc Networks - Janne Lundberg Helsinki 24

o Tracking and Location Management: n n n Z. J. Haas and B. Liang, "Ad Hoc Location Management Using Quorum Systems, "ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, April 1999 Handoff and Location Management in Mobile ATM Networks, A. Acharya, S. Biswas, L. French, J. Li, and D. Raychaudhuri J. Jannink, D. Lam, N. Shivakumar, J. Widom, and D. C. Cox. Efficient and Flexible Location Management Techniques for Wireless Communication Systems, ACM/Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks, 3(5): 361 -374, 1997. Combining Location and Data Management in an Environment for Total Mobility , Wachowicz, Hild, Cambridge An Adaptive Location Management Strategy for Mobile IP , S. Rajagopalan, B. Badrinath, Bellcore, Rutgers A Dynamic Approach to Location Management in Mobile Computing Systems , R. Prakash, M. Singal, Ohio State 25

o Power Management, Application issues, Sensor Nets, Smart Environments. n n n http: //daedalus. cs. berkeley. edu/ http: //www. monarch. cs. cmu. edu/monarch-papers/pcs-monarch. ps http: //www. ee. cornell. edu/~haas/Publications/ton 7. ps http: //www. cs. rutgers. edu/~badri/journal/contents 11. htm http: //www. cs. vu. nl/~steen/globe/publications. html ftp: //ftp. uk. research. att. com/pub/docs/att/tr. 97. 9. ps. Z http: //www. uk. research. att. com/abstracts. html Investigating the Energy Consumption of an IEEE 802. 11 Network. . Laura Marie Feeney System Support for Energy Management in Mobile and Embedded. . - Carla Ellis Alvin (1999) R. Kravets and P. Krishnan. Power Management Techniques for Mobile Communication. In Proc. of the 4 th International Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking (MOBICOM 98), pages 157 --168, October 1998 Energy-aware adaptation for mobile applications - Jason Flinn And (1999) 26