Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment WAVE Using Bit

Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Using Bit. Torrent and Bargaining Presented by Barsha Shrestha September 26, 2008 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense

Outline n n Background ¨ Bit. Torrent ¨ Vehicular Communications and WAVE ¨ Game Theory and Bargaining Proposed Scheme ¨ Problem Formulation ¨ Proposed Solution ¨ Simulation Results Conclusions and Future Works References 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 2

Bit. Torrent Tracker Querying Tracker File Download 35% File Upload and 45 68%Download % 100 % Seed Swarm computers File download Leech File upload and download Peer-to-Peer (P 2 P) file sharing protocol - used for transferring or downloading files n 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 3

Vehicular Communication Emerging technology which provides safety and efficiency in transportation systems n Download large files in wireless communication, Motivation for Bit. Torrent n OBU : On-Board Unit Road-Side Unit (RSU) (e. g. : Toll Booth) RSU : Road-side Unit V 2 R V 2 V OBU Range of RSU V 2 V : Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication V 2 R : Vehicle-to-Roadside communication Two-way Lane V 2 V All vehicles have OBU 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 4

Vehicular Communication (contd. . ) n n Developed under Intelligence Transportation System (ITS) Implements internet so that there is wireless connection among vehicles and also other support systems to facilitate exchange of information Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of DSRC spectrum at 5. 9 GHz for V 2 V and V 2 R communication DSRC was moved to IEEE 802. 11 group WAVE n n + DSRC Provides architecture for Vehicular Networks WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments DSRC : Dedicated Short Range Communication 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 5

Wireless Access Vehicular Environment n n n A hot topic which is still in the process of development A communication standard which will be used in vehicular communication Uses frequency of 5. 8 /5. 9 GHz with a guard band from 5. 850 -5. 855 GHz A part of a group of standards of protocols for DSRC provides high rate of data transfer with low delay Main objective of WAVE ¨ Provide connections with the applications in the vehicle and between the wireless devices in quickly changing environment ¨ Exchange of information must be completed in very short time 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 6

n WAVE consists of following components: 1. IEEE 802. 11 p 2. IEEE P 1609 n IEEE 802. 11 p ¨ IEEE 802. 11 is set of standards defined for wireless local area network (WLAN) ¨ New standards for Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication and Vehicle-to-infrastructure communication known as IEEE 802. 11 p ¨ Main technology of WAVE and is used for PHY/MAC ¨ It will allow data exchange within 100 milliseconds for vehicles in high speed 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 7

n IEEE P 1609 ¨ Describes the security, management, physical access in WAVE communication ¨ Takes care of operation of DSRC channels ¨ IEEE P 1609. 3 (networking services) covers WAVE connection setup and management ¨ IEEE 1609. 4 (Multichannel operations) enables operation of upper layers across multiple channels 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 8

DSRC Standards and Communication stack Safety and Non-safety Applications WSMP ( WAVE Short Message Protocol ) IEEE P 1609. 3 UDP Ip. V 6 Link WAVE MAC IEEE P 1609. 4, 802. 11 p WAVE PHY 6/4/2021 IEEE 802. 11 p Thesis Defense 9

Game Theory Bit-torrent in P 2 P network developed in wired network which is controlled in a centralized way n Vehicular environment needs distributed solution. n Motivation for Game Theory, which is a branch of applied mathematics and economics where players bargain using strategies producing outcomes depending on their utilities or preferences. n Game : Interaction between two people where decision of one affects the outcome of other n Players : People involved in Game n Strategy : Action a player takes to get maximum benefit n Utility: Satisfaction that a consumer attains from consumption of any economically beneficial good or service Thesis Defense 10 6/4/2021 n

Game Theory (contd. . ) n A game can be co-operative and non-cooperative. ¨ Non-Cooperative games n Games where the players do not co-operate and they are focused to achieve their own goals n Players do not communicate n Example : Football game ¨ Cooperative games n Games in which players cooperate with each other by following some set of defined rules n Players communicate with each other n Mutual benefit n Example : Bargaining 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 11

Bargaining n n Negotiation of goods or services carried out between two or more players Players try to come to an agreement for the distribution of the objects Bargaining solution is the way in which the players divide the outcome Types of Bargaining Solution: ¨ Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) ¨ Kalai-Smorodinsky Bargaining solution (KBS) ¨ Egalitarian Bargaining solution (ESS) 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 12

Outline n n Background ¨ Bit. Torrent ¨ Vehicular Communications and Wave ¨ Game Theory and Bargaining Proposed Scheme ¨ WAVE model ¨ Problem Formulation ¨ Proposed Solution ¨ Simulation Results Conclusion and Future Work References 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 13

WAVE is the latest technology under study to be implemented in vehicular communication for safety n Main objective : ¨ provide connections with the applications in the vehicle and between the wireless devices in quickly changing environment and ¨ exchange of information must be completed in very short time What is the Problem? n Fast Changing Environment - > Short Duration of Communication n Difficult to transmit huge amount of data between vehicles, and between vehicles and fixed infrastructure n Challenging to avoid overloading on RSU n Prioritizing the data to be transmitted first n 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 14

Proposal n n n Propose using the concept of Bit. Torrent for data distribution from fixed infrastructure to vehicles which eliminates the problem associated with huge size, short duration and server overloading Propose Bargaining for data exchange between different vehicles which overcomes problems related to fairness Propose algorithm for data dissemination from RSU for different priorities depending on the traffic pattern 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 15

WAVE Model n Assumed values ¨ Two vehicles are moving in opposite direction ¨ Bit error rate = ¨ Total packets to distribute = L ¨ Size of each packet = M ¨ If k<l, w (k) > w (l) i. e. high priority data will be transmitted first 1 2 3 ……… k ¨ Number 6/4/2021 l …… L-1 L of packets transmitted, where R= transmission rate t 0 = transmission time Thesis Defense 16

Problem Formulation n OBUs are located in vehicle and RSUs (eg: Toll Booth) are generally stationary Difficult to transmit all L packets in short time RSU randomly distribute the packets to OBUs and OBUs exchange information How Road Side Units Distribute Information? Answer: Bit Torrent RSU in Toll Booth 6/4/2021 RSU in Gas Station How On Board Units Exchange Information? Answer: Bargaining Thesis Defense 17

OBU Problem Formulation 1. How do OBUs exchange information between two vehicles? Utility of ith vehicle, where Ii = set of packets that vehicle i possess wi (k) = weight of the kth packet of vehicle I F = represents social welfare ni, j = maximum number of packets that can be exchanged within the time (t 0) 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 18

Bargaining between OBUs n Data exchange Algorithm Start Neighbor Discovery Negotiation Call Bargaining Algorithm Is channel good? Yes No Both OBUs have same set of packets? Data Transmission No Monitor channel and adjust channel and coding rate 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense Yes Stop 19

Bargaining Algorithm n n Input : Weight of available packet from OBUs, transmission rate Sort packets according to their weights Define a set of number of transmitted packets by OBUs Use Bargaining Solution = Bargaining solution NBS: = feasible reason = utility vector before negotiation KBS: Ui = utility vector after users’ bargaining EBS: n Output : The numbers of packets to be transmitted by OBUs 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 20

RSU Problem Formulation 2. How do RSUs distribute information? n L packets to be distributed =probability of packet l to be sent by RSU to OBU n Objective is to maximize overall utilities by changing PDF (Probability Distribution Function) 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 21

Data Dissemination by RSU n n The probability distribution needs to be optimized Assumption : Weight of packet is ordered and probabilities corresponding to different packets have following relation where n n and β= 1; uniform distribution is obtained; cars have sufficient opportunities to exchange information β = small, Geometric distribution, traffic load is light and high priority packets should be transmitted; cars have less opportunity to meet other cars 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 22

Simulation Parameter Setting Parameters Values Transmitted power 0. 4 watts Gains of antennas 1 Maximum Tx range 80 meters Vehicle speed 70 -120 km/hr Size of data to be exchanged Weight of High priority data 1. 5 Weight of Medium priority data 1. 2 Weight of Low priority data 6/4/2021 16 MB Thesis Defense 1 23

Simulation Results Fig. Transmission rate between two vehicles under different speeds • As two vehicles approach each other, Tx rate increases • Flat top – Highest transmission rate • Slower vehicle has long duration of data transmission 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 24

Simulation Results Fig. Bargaining Solutions • Nash Solution occurs where max U 1 *U 2/ U 1 intersects Pareto optimality, Pareto optimality (no user can improve without hurting the others) • Egalitarian Solution is located close to Nash Solution • Kalai-Smorodinsky is located at point with similar utility 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 25

Simulation Results Fig. Utilities at equal intensity • Same intensity in both lanes • Utility of Nash is close to that of Egalitarian but of KS is different 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 26

Simulation Results Fig. Utility of vehicle under Nash Solution n As traffic intensity increases, exchange of data is more often but after a time, no files need to be exchanges so utility is constant Symmetric – U 2>U 1 as vehicles in lane has high amount of high priority data to be sent to lane 2 Asymmetric – U 1<U 2 as vehicles lane 1 has high traffic intensity than lane 2 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 27

Simulation Results Utility is maximized Few high priority data sent from RSU to OBU Only high priority data is sent Fig. Utility of the vehicles under different data distribution • Case 1: Probability distribution for data sent to vehicle in lane 2 is varied • Case 2: Probability density for data sent to both lanes are varied 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 28

Outline n n Background ¨ Bit. Torrent ¨ Vehicular Communications and Wave ¨ Game Theory and Bargaining Proposed Scheme ¨ WAVE model ¨ Problem Formulation ¨ Proposed Solution ¨ Simulation Results Conclusions and Future Works References 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 29

Conclusion n n Tried to solve the problem of distributing large files to vehicular environment between cars and road side unit Using game theoretical approaches ¨ Distributed data to different cars ¨ Exchange information among cars n Extensive simulations ¨ Depending on the traffic model, the parameter beta changes for road side unit to distribute data ¨ If traffic conditions in both lanes of highway is not different then, Nash and Egalitarian can provide fair solution 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 30

Future Works n n n Communication method between RSU with other RSU will be studied Exchange of data between OBUs far away will be studied Exchange of data between OBUs moving in same direction will be studied Implementation of this work in biology to study the behavior of animals remotely and perform data analysis will be studied Implementation of this work in medicine to obtain information about the patients remotely which will give them flexibility will be studied 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 31

Acknowledgements n n Committee Members ¨ Dr. Jacob Baker (Current Chair) ¨ Dr. John Chiasson ¨ Dr. Nader Rafla ¨ Dr. Zhu Han (Former Advisor and Chair) Dr. Ekram Hossain, University of Manitoba, Canada Dr. Dusit Niyato, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Electrical and Computer Engineering Department 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 32

Outline n n Background ¨ Bit. Torrent ¨ Vehicular Communications and Wave ¨ Game Theory and Bargaining Proposed Scheme ¨ WAVE model ¨ Problem Formulation ¨ Proposed Solution ¨ Simulation Results Conclusions and Future Works References 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 33

References n n n n B. Shrestha, D. Niyato, Z. Han, and E. Hossain, “Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments Using Bit. Torrent and Bargaining”, Globe. COMM ’ 08. C. C. Kellum, “Six Application Mechanisms Required for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), ” In Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Dublin, Irland, Spring 2007. S. Eichler, “Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802. 11 p WAVE Communication Standard, ” In Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, Baltimore MD, Fall 2007. B. Cohen, “Incentives Build Robustness in Bit Torrent, ” In Proceedings of the 1 st workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer systems, Berkeley CA, June 2003. C. Aperjis and R. Johari, “A Peer-to-Peer System as an Exchange Economy, ” In Proceedings of the 2006 Workshop on Game theory for Communications and Networks, Pisa, Italy, October 2006. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2 nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002. D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, Game theory, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. D. Jiang, L. Delgrossi, “IEEE 802. 11 p: Towards an International Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments”, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. IEEE 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 34

Questions? Thank you. 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 35

Unstructured Network Data 7 Data 6 Data 5 7 5 6 Data 3 3 4 Data 4 Que ry Data 4 Data Send 4 Data Query y 8 1 Data 1 2 er u Q ry New Node Requesting e Data 3 and 6 Qu Back Data 2 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 36

Bargaining between OBUs (contd…) Start Input : Weight of packets, transmission rate Sort packets and Define a set of transmitted packets NBS : EBS: KSS: Return number of packets to be transmitted 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 37

n M. H. Ahmed, H. Yanikomeroglu, and S. Mahmoud, ``Fairness Enhancement of Link Adaptation Techniques in Wireless Networks, “ In Proceedings of {em IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference}, vol. ~4, pp. 1554 -1557, Orlando FL, Fall, October 2003. 6/4/2021 Thesis Defense 38