Winter Depth Seawater Temperature Summer Beach profile Depth

Winter Depth Seawater Temperature Summer Beach profile Depth Winter Summer Sea surface

Land plants Marine plants Spermatophytae (seed bearing plants) Pteridophytae (ferns) Bryophytae (moss) Thallophytae (algae and fungii)

20 18 Mariana Trench 16

June 27 July 5 July 13 July 20 First Quarter Full Moon Third Quarter New Moon

X X

W X Y Z

The factors that govern the oceanic gyres ry na ent Ca rr Cu lf u G am re st N. Equatorial Current

Seawater temperature (°C) 6 8 10 March 20 40 M ay 100 14 t ber m e t p e S s gu Au November 60 80 12 June 4 January Depth from sea-surface (m) 0 2 Thermocline at the Carmel Beach is seasonal. . .

… and so is the beach profile. August Ap ril 3 60 Dec r 30 be ua ry 0 0 em pt Se br ly Fe Ju Height above mean low water (m) 6 Jun e May 90 Distance from the sea cliff (m) em 120 ber 150

How construction modifies the shoreline: • The constructing a groin or a pier, i. e. , a structure perpendicular to the shoreline

How construction modifies the shoreline: • Constructing a breakwater wall means sand pileup right behind the breakwater wall and erosion downstream