Wind Tunnels and Test Rigs Prof Vclav Uruba

Wind Tunnels and Test Rigs Prof. Václav Uruba IT ASCR, CTU Praha, UWB Plzeň

Fluid mechanics facilities • • Test rigs Tunnels Blow-down facility Shock tubes • Air • Water May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 2

Close Circuit Wind Tunnel BAE Systems Working section 4 m wide x 2. 7 m high x 7. 3 m long, Motor 1. 3 MW Test speed 5 -105 m/s Re = 1. 4 x 106 May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 3

Blow-down facility May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 4

Open test section The 7 x 10 -foot atmospheric wind tunnel of 1930 was the predecessor of a long line of similarly sized tunnels. May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 5

History Eiffel's second generation wind tunnel at Auteuil in 1912. May 22, 2021 Wright brothers' 1901 wind tunnel Václav Uruba 6

Sealed tunnels Cross section of the variable density tunnel showing the annular flow of returning air. May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 7

Cryogenic tunnels The cryogenic Rohr wind tunnel (KRG) in Göttingen 0. 4 m x 0. 35 m test section Mach control by adjustable sonic throat valve Operating range 0. 3 < Ma < 0. 95 300 < P < 1, 000 k. Pa Re 0. 1√(S) < 15 x 10 6 100 K < T < 280 K Run time < 1 s May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 8

History Wind Tunnels built at Langley 1940, 7 x 10 -foot May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 9

History Cross section of the Langley 20 foot spin tunnel. May 22, 2021 In 1945 Langley built a pilot hypersonic tunnel with an 11 -inch test section. Václav Uruba 10

Speed Characteristics of wind tunnels designed for the different speed regimes. May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 11

Shock tubes • Driven by high pressure (hunderds of Bar) • High temperatures (thousands K) • High velocities (upto 10 M) • Short measuring time (order of ms) May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 12

Water channels TU Berlin May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 13

Water channel Princeton Gas Dynamics Lab Facilities May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 14

ONERA - S 1 MA • Continuous flow Wind Tunnel • Stagnation pressure = local atmospheric pressure (~ 0, 9 bar) • Mach Number range : 0, 05 -> 1 • Temperature range : 263 K -> 333 K depending on Mach Number • Reynolds Number /m : up to 12. 106 • Test section size : 8 m diameter / 14 m long • Typical model span size : ~4 m 1950, Modane May 22, 2021 Václav Uruba 15

ONERA Modane Wind tunnel Test section Dimensions Speed Type up to Mach 1. 0 Continuous atmospheric sub/transonic 88 MW up to Mach 3. 1 Continuous pressurized sub/trans/ supersonic PTmax ≤ 2. 5 bar 55 MW 0. 2 < Mach < 5. 5 Blow-down pressurized sub/trans/supersonic PTmax ≤ 7 bar Modane - Avrieux S 1 MA Ø 8 m - 3 carts S 2 MA Transsonic 1. 75 x 1. 77 m² Supersonic 1. 75 x 1. 93 m² S 3 MA Transsonic 0. 76 x 0. 68 m² Supersonic 0. 76 x 0. 80 m² May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 16

ONERA - S 1 MA May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 17

Mesh May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 18

Grid Turbulence May 22, 2021 e h U [m/s] L [m] [m 2/s-3] [mm] lab 0. 5 0. 01 12. 5 0. 13 S 1 0. 7 0. 0014 1. 24 ESWIRP 19

• Mach Number from 0. 15 (for low-speed, high-lift testing) through 0. 7 – 0. 9 (the typical cruising speed of today’s transport aircraft) up to 1. 35 (for aircraft or space vehicles in low supersonic conditions) • Temperature from 313 K (= + 40°C) down to 110 K (= – 163°C) • Total Pressure from 1. 15 bar to 4. 5 bar May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 20

European Transonic Wind Tunnel • Koeln • 50 MW • Liquid nitrogen: 250 kg/s May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 21

European Transonic Wind Tunnel May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 22

European Transonic Wind Tunnel May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 23

May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 24

European Transonic Wind Tunnel May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 25

DNW - LLF Closed test section • Fixed section – 9. 5 m x 9. 5 m : velocity V = 0 up to 62 m/s (Ma = 0. 18) • Configurable section with the following two configurations – 8 m x 6 m : velocity V = 0 up to 116 m/s (Ma = 0. 34) – 6 m x 6 m : velocity V = 0 up to 152 m/s (Ma = 0. 44) Open jet – 8 m x 6 m : velocity V = 0 up to 85 m/s (Ma = 0. 25) the Large Low-speed Facility (LLF) in Marknesse May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 26

DNW - LLF May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 27

DNW - LLF May 22, 2021 ESWIRP 28