Wind Energy WIND ENERGY What Makes Wind Global
Wind Energy
WIND ENERGY
What Makes Wind
Global Wind Patterns
History of Wind Enrgy 5000 BC 500 -900 AD 1300 AD Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontalthe Nile indicate developed in axis the power of wind Persia windmills in Europe 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1, 000 MW Early 1900 s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1993 US Wind. Power developed first commercial variablespeed wind turbine 1850 s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII Late 1880 s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5, 000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Company 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 2004 2011 Electricity from Wind power provided wind generation over 12% of renewable costs 3 to 4. 5 cents energy used in US per k. Wh
Why Wind Energy? o Clean, zero emissions - NOx, SO 2, CO 2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate change o Reduce fossil fuel dependence - Energy independence - Domestic energy—national security o Renewable - No fuel-price volatility
Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide US DOE, EERE 2012 Renewable Energy Data Book
US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables 300 Geothermal 250 Waste Wood Solar Thermal Million kilowatt-hours 200 Solar Photovoltaic Wind 150 100 50 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013
Top Installed Wind Power Capacity THE TOP TWENTY-FIVE STATES for Installed Wind Capacity, in MW as of December 31, 2012 1 Texas 12, 212 14 Pennsylvania 1, 340 2 Iowa 5, 549 15 Michigan 988 3 California 5, 137 16 Idaho 973 4 Oregon 3, 153 17 South Dakota 784 5. Oklahoma 3, 134 18 New Mexico 778 6. Minnesota 2, 986 19 Wisconsin 649 7 Washington 2, 808 20 Montana 645 8. Kansas 2, 712 21 West Virginia 583 9 Colorado 2, 301 22 Missouri 459 10 North Dakota 1, 679 23 Nebraska 459 11 New York 1, 638 24 Maine 431 12 Indiana 1, 543 25 Utah 325 13 Wyoming 1, 410 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Annual Installed U. S. Wind Power Capacity AWEA U. S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013
Installed Wind Capacities 1999 -June 2014 Total: 61, 946 MW As of 6/30/2014 1999 Total: 2, 500 MW
Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential Rank State 1 Texas 2 Potential Installed Capacity (MW) Rank State Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 1, 901, 530 11 New Mexico 492, 083 Kansas 952, 371 12 Minnesota 489, 271 3 Montana 944, 004 13 Colorado 387, 220 4 Nebraska 917, 999 14 Missouri 274, 355 5 South Dakota 882, 412 15 Illinois 249, 882 6 North Dakota 770, 196 16 Indiana 148, 228 7 Iowa 570, 714 17 Wisconsin 103, 757 8 Wyoming 552, 073 18 Michigan 59, 042 9 Oklahoma 516, 822 19 Ohio 54, 920 10 Alaska 494, 703 20 California 34, 110
U. S. Wind Resource Map
Transmission Challenges
China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW) Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1. China 2. Germany 3. United Kingdom 4. India 5. Canada
Why Such Growth? …costs are low! • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements 1979 40 cents/k. Wh 2000 4 -6 cents/k. Wh 2004 3 -4. 5 cents/k. Wh 2011 Less than 5 cents/k. Wh
Modern Wind Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. The NEED Project 2014
Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages Disadvantages o Omni-directional - accepts wind from any direction o Components can be mounted at ground level - ease of service - lighter weight towers o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind o Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer o Centrifugal force stresses blades o Poor self-starting capabilities o Requires support at top of turbine rotor o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings o Overall poor performance and reliability
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Small (<10 k. W) o. Homes o. Farms o. Remote Applications (e. g. , water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making) Intermediate(10 -250 k. W) o. Village Power o. Hybrid Systems o. Distributed Power Large (250 k. W-2+ MW) o. Central Station Wind Farms o. Distributed Power o. Schools
Large Wind Turbines § Common Utility-Scale Turbines o o o 328’ base to blade Each blade is 112’ 200 tons total Foundation 20’ deep Rated at 1. 5 -2 megawatts Supply about 500 homes
Wind Turbine Components
How a Wind Turbine Operates
Installation of Wind Turbines
Wind Turbine Perspective Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections
Wind Farms
Offshore Wind Farms
Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering
Potential Impacts and Issues § § § Property Values Noise Visual Impact Land Use Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.
Impacts of Wind Power: Noise
Wildlife Impacts
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