Widening Participation in Golf Clubs Responses to Golf

Widening Participation in Golf Clubs: Responses to Golf. Mark David Piggott Gary Leslie COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE

Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Participation demographics in golf. Background to Golf. Mark. Project aims and questions. Cluster analysis of English golf clubs. Case studies of three clubs. Discussion and conclusions. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Golf participation (APS 2010) Category APS 2 APS 3 APS 4 (3/4) Participation (1 x 30) 2. 29 2. 15 2. 06 Membership 41. 6 41. 8 44. 8 Competition 46. 9 46. 8 45. 5 Organised 66. 7 65. 0 64. 7 Demographic group Golf Tennis Football % Female 15. 5 43. 2 7. 4 % Limiting disability or illness 6. 8 4. 1 2. 9 % non-white 2. 4 9. 4 15. 3 % NS-SEC 5 -9 30. 9 41. 9 60. 8 % 16 -34 -years-old 15. 0 (53. 5% 55+) 45. 9 77. 1 SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Golf. Mark • EG’s variation of Club. Mark. • Little published research in the area; problem of classifying haves and have-nots (Nichols & James 2008). • Rewarding clubs for becoming more ‘beginner friendly’: – Junior golfers; – Female golfers. • Benefits: Coaching grant, workshop discounts, Tri-golf/Golf Extreme courses, Volunteer Recruitment and Retention toolkit (heavily focussed on juniors). • 412 clubs accredited at the time of the research (21% of all clubs in England). SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Questions and sampling 1. What impact is Golf. Mark having in terms of widening participation in golf clubs? 2. What barriers remain to the successful implementation of Golf. Mark? • Initial assumption that golf clubs are very different in nature (history, cost, management structure – private, proprietary, municipal – and GM status). • Different kinds of clubs are likely to confront policies like GM very differently. • Initial need to profile ‘types’ of clubs in order to select case studies. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Cluster analysis: variables (Source: EGU Membership Survey 2010) Descriptive Statistics: Overall Sample N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total Members 953 17 2700 541. 44 290. 3 % Male Members 896 0 100 73. 03 14 % Female Members 883 0 100 14. 54 9. 5 % Junior Members 1035 0 100 6. 75 6. 9 Male membership fee* 985 19 3970 713. 66 386. 7 Membership hurdles** 1036 0 4 1. 77 1. 081 *Adult male membership fee is significantly correlated with adult female membership fee (P<0. 01) junior membership fee (P<0. 05) and adult male joining fee (P<0. 01). **The variable ‘membership hurdles’ denotes the number of processes required to become a member of the club. The four possible responses were: written application, proposed, interview, other. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

• Two-step cluster analysis in SPSS (version 19 – ‘Direct Marketing’). • ‘Inputs’ or variables selected to generate clusters based on exclusivity. • These four final inputs generated the most robust and clearly defined solution. • Other relevant variables – e. g. management structure, age, full-time employees, application hurdles – were coded as nominal data by the EGU and therefore skewed the cluster solutions too heavily. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Cheap male clubs 29. 1% of sample clubs Key Median and range of sample Median and range of cluster SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Typical clubs 64% of sample clubs Key Median and range of sample Median and range of cluster SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Exclusive family clubs 6. 9% of sample clubs Key Median and range of sample Median and range of cluster SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Additional measures Cluster 1 (Cheap Male) N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total Members 247 28 1525 394. 12 253. 336 Membership hurdles 247 0 4 1. 73 1. 044 Cluster 2 (Typical) N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total Members 544 48 1725 627. 35 230. 903 Membership hurdles 540 0 4 1. 81 1. 082 Cluster 3 (Exclusive Family) N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total Members 59 17 2700 496. 86 450. 562 Membership hurdles 56 0 4 1. 96 1. 128 SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Case studies • The same basic methodology was followed in each case study. • Data were collected by the second author: a PGA professional of 30 years, well recognised in the area. • In each case, a series of visits took place over the course of 34 weeks, with the following data collection methods: – Observations (clubhouse and on-course) – Semi-structured interviews with: • • • Secretary or manager Professional coach Male members (group) Female members (group) Junior members and junior organiser (group) SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Sample Three clubs from Lincolnshire: a county characterised as ‘average’ in terms of size, development of CGP infrastructure, and % of clubs with GM. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Club A (non-GM, exclusive) • “…we need someone fired up to get stuck in and go for it [GM], either me or if we had a pro-active professional…” (Manager) • “We have a system where we have an interview with the captain and president and myself and we will decide whether they get in or not. ” (Manager) • “I got told off about it [dress] when I first came here so I found out the hard way but that’s ok. You learn. In the interview you need to be formal so people know the basic etiquette. ” (Male member) • “We are not accepted. There are too many little cliques at the club: people don’t mix and there is a stigma [about junior players]. ” (Junior member) • “I certainly wouldn’t go into schools delivering to large groups of children of any age. It is not my style. ” (Coach) SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Club B (working towards GM, typical) • “These days we have collective meetings of all new members, so not an interview as such but a chat to let them know what is going on and who is who at the club. ” (Male member) • “It’s a no brainer for me: it has to be a PGA pro. I have a 9 handicap and he has a 12 at [club x] so why should he coach kids? …You can’t just go to night school and get the badges; you have to do it properly. ” (Male member) • “It is really difficult getting the mix of starters and experienced players of any ages playing on the same course at same time. There is bound to be conflict and problems. ” (Coach) • “It’s gonna take time for traditions and beliefs around golf to change – you must be rich to play, drive a jaguar and wear Pringle clothes – but by having more juniors certain stigmas will slowly disappear over time. ” (Male member) SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Club C (GM high achiever, cheap male) • “All the things that are expected from GM we can do straight away, whereas they [private clubs] would have to go to the committee and seek approval. ” (Coach) • “Clubs have to tailor themselves to get members and do what they have to do to keep going. When you have a really good club with a large membership they feel that they can keep old rules. But when clubs don’t have a joining fee or low subs then members can leave and move somewhere else quite easily. The exclusive clubs can set their own rules in a way…” (Manager) • “A lot of players here don’t know or care about etiquette. There are lots of divots and unrepaired pitch marks out there… the better clubs still have some control systems to check who is playing. We don't have that here. ” (Male member) • “My experience [of joining] here was that everyone seemed friendly and helpful and an easy group to get on with. But I have been to clubs that are snobby and those clubs keep the snobbyness and stigma alive. ” (Junior member) SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Summary More closed and exclusive clubs exhibit: • Conflict between paid professionals and volunteers. • Resistance to recruitment of volunteer coaches and junior organisers (required for GM). • Resistance to granting increased freedom and playing rights to female and junior members (a core feature of GM). GM is ineffective in combatting traditions and deeply embedded cultural practices in golf clubs (not its purpose? ). Clubs that operate with a non-traditional ethos gain GM easily, but struggle to attract full paying members. SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk

Thanks for listening… ANY QUESTIONS? SCHOOL OF SPORT, COACHING AND EXERCISE SCIENCE dpiggott@lincoln. ac. uk