Why was the 19 th century considered Europes

Why was the 19 th century considered Europe’s greatest age of global expansion?

Europe’s age of global expansion a) b) c) d) Europe-center of the world Europeans moved to dif. other regions Explorers & missionaries reached everywhere Most of the world became Europe’s colonies

What were the causes of Europ. Imperialism?

Econ. causes of Europ. imperialism 1) Need for raw materials & agric. prod. 2) Need for more markets to sell the manufactured goods 3) Europ. capitalists invested money abroad 4) Foreign markets to unload the surpluses of manufactured goods.

Political causes • Military might & polit. ambitions • Italy & Germany unified by 1871 • Nationalism (German, Filipino, Liberian) that swept up many Europeans. • Colonies=symbol that a country was a big power

What made possible the expression of European imperialism?

Tools of Europ. imperialism • Industrial Revolution gave Europ. a military advantage a) Steamships b) Underwater telegraph c) Quinine d) Machine-guns & breech-loading rifles

What was the Europ. Perception of “the other”? Why? What was social Darwinism? What was Europ. duty toward other races?

Perception of “the other” • Before 19 th century • Africans & Asians were considered “ heathen” b/c they were not Christians. • Defined others in relig. terms & considered them “ noble savages” • Europ. mingled with African & Asian elites • 19 th century • Secular arrogance • Despise for other cultures • Europ. Considered themselves “superior” b/c of their superior technology ( African societies lost status)

Perception of “the other” • Europ. created a hierarchy of races • they have a sense of responsibility to the “weaker races” 1) To civilize them 2) To bring educ. , health care, Christianity, good government. Social Darwinism • Effort to apply Darwin’s evol. theory to human history • The “unfit” races should be displaced/destroyed

What was China’s century crisis? What were the internal causes of the crisis?

China’s crisis a)Growth of popul. from 100 million (1685) to 430 million ( 1853) b)More popul. -pressure on the land, starvation, impoverishment c) out-dated bureaucracy: by 1800 the same no. of bureaucrats, but the popul. was 4 times more d) Central governm. lost control of prov. officials & gentry; corruption e) China didn’t have an Industr. Rev. f) Harsh treatment of peasants-rebellions

What were the causes & the effects of the Taiping rebellion?

Taiping Rebellion Yrs. 1850 -1864 • Rebellion infl. by religious ideas( leader=younger brother of Jesus) • Leader: Hong Xiuquan • Goals: 1)equality of men & women; redistribution of land 2)China’s industr. • 1853: the Taiping forces established their capital at Nanjing • 1864: rebellion was crushed by landowners( gentry) with their armies, not the emperor. • Effects: • A) largest life loss in 19 th C • B) civil war weakened China • C) gentry (Chinese nobles) became more powerful than the emperor.

What changes did the Opium trade experience in the 19 th century?

Opium trade in 19 th C British had to pay for all Chinese prod. in silver Started to sell large quantities of Indian opium China paid silver for opium 1836: the emperor decided to suppress the opium trade • Lin Zexu-seized & destroyed more than 3 million pounds of opium from W traders • British answer: 1 st Opium War ( 1839 -1842) • •

1 st Opium War (1839 -1842) • Forced Chinese to accept free trade & “proper relations” among countries • (before 1 st Opium War foreigners were allowed to trade only in one place in China, at Canton- “ Canton system”) • 1842 “ Treaty of Nanjing” • 1)China paid 21 million indemnity • 2)China had to open 5 ports foreigners( all 5 ports were located in the spheres of influence of foreign powers) • 3)Ceded Hong Kong • 4)Tariffs fixed at a low rate • 5)Foreigners: right to live in China under their own laws

2 nd Opium War (1856 -1858) • Europ. vandalized the Summer Palace • More treaty ports were opened to foreigners • China was opened to foreign missionaries • China was defeated by French(1885)& Japan ( 1895) • Qing dynasty-weakened • “unequal treaties” –inhibited China’s industr. • China was carved into spheres of infl. Between : Western Europ. powers + Russia & Japan.

“ • “Unequal treaties” China is carved into spheres of infl. between W Europ. powers, Russia & Japan

Conservative moderniz. • China made an attempt of industrialization during 1860 -1870: reforms as response to rebellions; it was a policy of “self-strengthening movement” • China took mild measures to adopt some Western innovations • Foundation of few ind. factories • China didn’t became an industrial power b/c the reforms were done too late, too little; the gentry class & the Empress were against the reforms b/c they feared they would lose power.

Last Chinese emperor, Puy

Cixi, the last empress

Last days of Imperial China

• Newspaper concerning the Boxer Rebellion.

The Boxer rebellion, 1900 E. G. of anticolonial movement • Goal • Boxer Rebellion ( 1900) was against foreign imperialism & against Qing dynasty • Militia org. killed Europ. & Chinese Christ. • Outcome: • Western powers & Japan defeated the rebellion & demand massive reparation payments from China • Govern. Accepted to make some reforms • Led in 1911/1912 to the abolition of monarchy

China carved into spheres of influence