Why to Cite By citing outside sources academics

Why to Cite By citing outside sources, academics are able to converse with each other through their writing. Citing appropriate sources shows your reader that you are aware of and engaged with the ongoing conversation about your topic.

Knowing What to Cite When in doubt, cite your source. You should include citations for Direct quotes Paraphrases Summarized ideas that aren’t your own Statistics Visuals like pictures, graphs, diagrams, or tables

Understanding Plagiarism The University of North Texas considers plagiarism as the use of another’s thoughts or words without proper attribution in any academic exercise, regardless of the student’s intent, including but not limited to: The knowing or negligent use by paraphrase or direct quotation of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgement or citation. The knowing or negligent unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or by an agency engaged in selling term papers or other academic materials.

American Psychological Association Style (APA) is one of the top three citation styles used by editors, professors, and publishers as an aid to preparing manuscripts in English. APA style is used in academic writing in Computer science and information management Education Environmental and physical sciences Human, behavioral, social, and political sciences Linguistics

Resources for APA Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition. ISBN: 978 -1 -4338 -0561 -5 www. apastyle. org http: //blog. apastyle. org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-youfound-on-a-website-in-apa-style. html

Contents of the APA Publication Manual 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Manuscript Structure and Content Writing Clearly and Concisely The Mechanics of Style Displaying Results Crediting Sources Reference Examples The Publication Process

Helpful Pages in the APA Manual 41 -59: Sample papers 177: Table depicting how to set up parenthetical citations for references with different numbers of authors 193 -98: Index of guidelines and examples for reference page entries for different types of sources Table of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your questions

Setting Up Your Paper in APA Format Papers written in APA format may include the following sections as well as other subsections Title page Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Appendices

Sample APA Title Page

Writing an Abstract An abstract Runs about 150 -250 words long Gives the reader a brief overview of your paper Includes your main idea and key points Includes keywords Remember that the abstract is a preview. It exists outside of your paper. It does not replace your introduction!

Using the APA In-Text Author-Date Citation Direct quotation: Fowler (2012) contends that problem-based learning is an approach that “teachers can use to engage their students in the process of discovery” (p. 6). Problem-based learning is an approach that “teachers can use to engage their students in the process of discovery” (Fowler, 2012, p. 6). Paraphrase: Fowler (2012) argues that problem-based learning should be the primary method of classroom instruction (p. 11). Summary: Problem-based learning is the most effective method of classroom instruction (Fowler, 2012; Smith, 2014; Turner, 2006).

Setting Off Longer Quotes If you are using a quotation that is forty or more words, set it off from the rest of the text as a block quote by tabbing over once, like this: When you tab over for this longer quote, you do not use quotation marks. Setting off the quote by tabbing the text indicates that you have just quoted something. In a block quote, the end punctuation comes before the parenthetical citation. (Fowler, 2012, p. 123) Continue the paragraph by commenting on, interpreting, or connecting the quote to your ideas here.

Changes from the Source Requiring No Explanation The first letter of the first word in a quotation may be changed to an uppercase or a lowercase letter. The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax. Single quotation marks may be changed to double quotation marks and vice versa.

Changes From the Source Requiring Explanation Omitting Material: Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . . ) within a sentence to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source. Use four points to indicate any omission between two sentences. § “The study found significant differences between the two groups. . . as expected” (Hanisch, 1992, p. 30). Inserting Material: Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material such as addition or explanation inserted into a quotation. § “when [his own or others’] behaviors were studied” (Hanisch, 1992, p. 24)

Sample APA References Page

Sample APA References Entries Book with One Author Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. London, England: Taylor & Francis. Article with a DOI from an Online Database Herbst-Damm, K. L. , & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225 -229. doi: 10. 1037/0278 -6133. 24. 2. 225 Article without a DOI from an Online Database Sillick, T. J. &, Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology , 2(2), 38 -48. Retrieved from http: //ojs. lib. swin. edu. au/index. php/ejap Article from a Website Smith, J. (2010, October 29). E-ZPass is a life-saver (literally) [Blog post]. Retrieved from http: //freakonomics. blogs. nytimes. com/2010/10/29/e-zpass-is-a-life-saver-literally/

The Chicago Manual of Style is used in academic writing in Business History Humanities Political science

Resources for CMS The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition. ISBN: 9780226104201 Chicago Manual of Style Online available through Willis Library

Contents of the CMS Publication Manual Part One: The Publishing Process Part Two: Style and Usage Part Three: Documentation

Helpful Sections in the CMS Manual 14. 14: Notes and bibliography—an overview 14. 18: Notes and bibliography—examples and variations Online: Chicago-Style Quick Citation Guide (linked on the main page of The Chicago Manual of Style Online).

CMS Citation Unlike other citation styles, CMS requires the citation for each source to appear in two locations: § Notes: Each time a source is cited in the text, it is followed by a superscript number that connects to either a footnote, an endnote, or both. The note includes a citation for the source in the note format. The notes are listed in the order that the sources are cited in the text. § Bibliography: The bibliography, which comes at the end of the paper, includes a slightly differently formatted citation for each source. These citations are listed in alphabetical order.

Sample CMS Title Page

Sample CMS Paper Page with Notes

Sample CMS Bibliography Page

CMS Notes vs. Bibliography Entries Book with Single Author or Editor First Note: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99 -100. Subsequent Note: 18. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3. Bibliography Entry: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

MLA style is used in academic writing in Cultural studies Humanities Languages Literature & literary criticism Media studies

Resource for MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition. ISBN: 860 -1200663914

Contents of the MLA Manual 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Research and Writing Plagiarism and Academic Integrity The Mechanics of Writing The Format of a Research Paper Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text Abbreviations

Helpful Pages in the MLA Manual 117: Sample heading and title 123 -25: Index of works cited entry examples for different types of sources Table of Contents and Index: Use to locate the answers to all of your questions

Setting Up the First Page in MLA Style

Using Parenthetical/ In-Text Citations in MLA Format Include the author and page number of the quote or paraphrase in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. One of Amy's chief desires is "to pass in and out. . . unnoticed and elsewhere to be overlooked and forgotten" (Dickens 290). If the author of the citation is mentioned in the sentence, include only the page number in the parenthetical citation. “He was obeyed, ” writes Joseph Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, “yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect” (87).

Using a Short Quote from a Poem If you are quoting three or fewer lines of a poem and do not want to put special emphasis on the way the poem is set up on the page, put it in quotation marks within your text. Use a slash with a space on each side to separate the lines. In the parenthetical citation, include the line numbers instead of the page numbers. Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / That’s all that I remember” (11 -12).

Using a Long Quote from a Poem Verse quotations of more than three lines should begin on a new line. Unless the quotation involves unusual spacing, indent each line one inch from the left margin and double-space between lines, adding no quotation marks that do not appear in the original. Elizabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail: It was winter. It got dark early. The waiting room was full of grown-up people, arctics and overcoats, lamps and magazines. (6 -10)

Sample MLA Works Cited Page

Writing an MLA Works Cited Page Book with a Single Author Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883 -1924. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2003. Print. Book with Two or More Authors Booth, Wayne C. , Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2 nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print. A Work in an Anthology Bordo, Susan. “The Moral Content of Nabokov’s Lolita. ” Aesthetic Subjects. Ed. Pamela R. Matthews and David Mc. Whirter. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2003. 125 -52. Print. Article in a Scholarly Journal (Print) Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything. ” PMLA 121. 1 (2006): 124 -38. Print Article in a Scholarly Journal (Web) Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything. ” PMLA 121. 1 (2006): 124 -38. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10. Feb. 2015.

When in Doubt… Consult the manual for your citation style! These manuals are incredibly detailed and contain the answers to almost any question you might have.