Why Classify Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification

Why Classify? Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification System Determining Relationships Dichotomous Keys TEKS/ TAKS 8 A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and kingdom using dichotomous keys 8 B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature 8 C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Can you give any examples of classification used in everyday life? l Library l Grocery store l Department store l Room l Binder

Specific ---------- General Grocery store analogy Are items in the grocery store just in a large central pile? Why not? Whatare aresome the What The apples different types of How isfruits? the further sections of the Apples produce section categorized into store? Pears divided? which varieties? Dairy Oranges Fruits Macintosh Meats etc. Bananas, Vegetables Granny Smith Aisles Fuji, etc. Produce, etc. Braeburn Cameo Gala Granny Smith Golden Delicious

What is the importance of classifying things? It makes it easier … l To organize l To identify l To easily communicate with others

What is Classification? l Classification -catergorizing based on similar characteristics l Taxonomy the science of classifying organisms.

Aristotle ( 384 - 322 B. C. ) Greek philosopher and naturalist l 1 st to classify organisms l Two kingdoms: Plants or Animals l He subdivided them by their habitat – land, sea, or air dwellers l

Classification Show the film clip from the United Streaming entitled “Classification of Living Things” (5: 29).

QUIZ l What are the 6 -kingdoms of classification? l What criteria do scientists use to determine how to classify an organism into its correct kingdom?

What criteria do scientists use to classify organisms? l l l Physical characteristics How organisms carry out life functions Behavior Role in nature (niche) Embryology Molecular similarities (DNA)

Carolus Linneus ( 1707 -1798) l 18 th century taxonomist l classified organisms by their structure l developed the naming system called binomial nomenclature, which is still used today l Based on the dead language called LATIN l called the “father of taxonomy”

l TAXON (pl. taxa) – categories of (pl. taxa) classification l many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it

7 Taxa of Classification – categories of classification; many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it l Largest category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive l Smallest category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

How Can You Remember the 7 Taxon levels? l King Philip Came Over for Good Soup l Kingwood Park Cheers On Football Game Sportsmanship l Katie Please Come Over for Ginger Snaps Can you come up with your own pneumonic? l K? P ? C? O ? f? G? S?

1. Why do biologists classify? a) To study the diversity of life b) To organize and name organisms 2. Why give scientific names? a) Common names are misleading b) Names can be different according to language of that country jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish!

Some organisms have several common names – it can be very confusing! This cat is commonly known as: • Florida panther • Mountain lion • Puma • Cougar Scientists should make it easier to identify these organisms! Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” There should be a naming system!

Binomial Nomenclature – Linneaus’ two-word naming system Genus species OR Genus species - Genus is capitalized - can be underlined or italicized (not both) Panthera leo Lion Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly Canis lupus l l Wolf Do you know the scientific name for humans? That’s right! Homo sapiens

KINGDOM Animalia Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star Which classification level includes all PHYLUM Chordata the other levels? Which animal is missing in the phylum category? CLASS Mammalia What characteristic disqualifies fromcategory? belonging Which animal is missing in the ifclass in the phylum Chordata like the rest of those What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging ORDER Carnivora Which animal missing in the order category? pictured inis the classtogether? Mammalia like the rest of those Which. What organism is characteristic disqualifies if from belonging. What pictured together? FAMILYCarnivora Ursidae more closely animal order Whichrelated animalinisthe missing in the family category? to the. What grizzly bear, like the belongs in the rest of those characteristic disqualifies if from belonging the panda or species together? inpictured the family Ursidae the black bear ? Why? like the rest Ursus arctos? GENUS of. Ursus those pictured together? SPECIES Ursus arctos

Example – Where does the common household cat fit in? l l l Can you name any other organisms that would belong In the same phylum? The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the Kingdom Animalia. Phylum level, cats are included with all other vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in the Phylum Chordata. This large grouping includes all animals having either a notochord, or an actual spine.

Can you name any l Class level, cats and other predatory animals are grouped other organisms that would belong with non-predators with whom they share specific In the same class? l l biological traits. In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows, giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people, belong to Class Mammalia (mammals). All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands.

Can you name any other organisms l Order level, cats are grouped with other animals that are that would belong quite different in physical appearance and general In the same order? l l behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes. In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals. They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora, which includes meat-eating animals.

l l Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which includes lions, leopards and tigers; and Leopardus, which includes the ocelots. Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they can be grouped together under the family Felidae.

l The housecat is closely related to several other feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in the same genus Felis.

l The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus (sometimes domesticus). Felis denotes the genus name for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific descriptive word for the species.

Day 2

3 Domains (Super-kingdoms) ARCHAE EUKARYA BACTERIA

6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors in the cladogram?

6 Kingdom Classification System ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTS FUNGI PLANT ANIMAL

mollusks crustaceans insects Animals (Animalia) jellyfish flatworms starfish hydra sponges Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Cell structure Cell membrane. NO CELL WALL Nutrition Heterotroph Movement Mostly mobile Reproduction sexual Role Carnivores, herbivores, filter-feeders, omnivores, detritus feeders, scavengers, insectivores fish amphibians Most complex with organs and systems reptiles birds mammals

Plants (Plantae) Non vascular Moss growing on trees Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Cell structure Cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts Nutrition Autotroph Movement Stationary (sessile) Reproduction Sexually using spores, flowers, or cones Role Seedless vascular Producers Ferns Sunflowers seeds in flowers Flowering plants Douglas fir Peach tree seeds in cones Seeds in fruits

Fungi Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular (except yeast is uni-) Cell structure Cell walls (chitin) Nutrition Movement Reproduction Role Heterotroph Stationary Sexually using spores Mostly DECOMPOSERS that help recycle dead matter in the environment; some parasites (Athlete’s foot or ringworm) Shelf fungus on tree Mildew on Leaf Mushrooms

Protists (Protista) Paramecium -Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk- Drawer” -Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Mostly Unicellular; some multi Cell structure Nutrition Movement Reproduction Role May have cell wall; may have chloroplasts Heterotrophs or autotrophs Mostly mobile; (may have cilia or flagella) Binary fission; conjugation Photosynthetic producers, decomposers, diseasecausing parasites Green algae Amoeba

Animal & Plant like – (Euglena) l l l Move using flagellum or flagella Have eyespot to detect light Chloroplast to make their own food in the presence of light Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing euglenoid movement.

Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex. Green algae, red algae, diatoms) l l l Producers Classified according to colors due to pigments (red, yellow, green, brown, etc. ) Used to make products such as agar, carrageenan (thickener found in puddings) alginates (ice cream) Green algae Algal bloom in lake Brown algae Red tide in FL

Fungus-like – decomposers (slime molds, water molds) l l l composed of an mass of protoplasm no cell walls in its it early stage of growth found in damp, shady areas with abundant organic matter

Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) l l Move using cilia Oral groove is like a mouth opening Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing paramecium using their cilia for movement.

Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) l l l Move using pseudopods Engulf food through food vacuoles Many cause diseases Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as phagocytosis (engulfing food).

round - coccus Bacteria l l All bacteria were once classified in one kingdom known as Monera. Earliest organisms to appear Cell Type Number of Cells Cell structure Nutrition Movement Reproduction Role Prokaryote Unicellular Cell walls Heterotrophs or autotrophs Stationary Binary fission photosynthetic producers, decomposers, diseasecausing parasites Streptococcus aureus rod - bacillus E. coli spiral - spirillum Vibrio cholerae

Kingdoms of Bacteria l Archaebacteria (Domain Archae) § “ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth § live in harsh environments (extremophiles) Prokaryote Cell Type Unicellular; microscopic Number of Cells Cell structure Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan Nutrition Movement Reproduction Role Heterotrophs or autotrophs Stationary or mobile Binary fission Salt marshes (halophiles), volcanoes (thermophiles), hot springs, maybe on Mars!

Kingdoms of Bacteria l Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) § “true” bacteria Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular; microscopic Cell structure Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs Movement Stationary or mobile Reproduction Binary fission Role Live in soil, air, food, inside organisms Producers, decomposers, parasites E. coli Streptococcus S. Marcescens growing on Petri dish

Eubacteria Can be harmful: parasites, or cause diseases Can be helpful (most): a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria recycle nutrients b) photosynthetic Cyanobacteria create O 2 for planet c) different types of E. coli help organisms’ digestion d) Some are used to make foods like cheese, yogurt, pickles, and bread e) used to genetically engineer medicines and other products The bacteria named Propionibacter shermani is used to make specific type of cheese called Emmental. The bacteria that causes syphilis is spiral shaped

Classifying Critters l We'll look at members of a big group called the vertebrates. These are animals that have backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great. You're part of this group! Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters

Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE Prokaryote Eukaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS

Where do you fit in? Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapien

Day 3

Dichotomous Keys l l Tool scientists use to identify unknown organisms. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". So, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

Dichotomous Keys l A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms KEY TO INSECT ORDERS Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect 1 Insect has wings? Go to 2 Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings Go to 29 2 One pair of wings Go to 3 Two pairs of wings Go to 7 3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and pronotum extending back over abdomen Orthoptera Insects not like this Go to 4 4 Abdomen with 'tails' Go to 5 Abdomen without 'tails' Go to 6 5 Insects <5 mm long, with relatively long antennae: wing with only one forked vein Hemiptera Larger insects with short antennae and many wing veins: tails long Ephemeroptera

The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z. Bird X is most likely - A. B. C. D. Certhidea Geospiza Camarhynchus Platyspiza Answer: C

Unit Summary Essay l Why and how do scientists classify living things?

Virtual Dichotomous Key 1 A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button) 1 B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)

1 A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)------Go to 2 1 B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)----------- Go to 7 2 A Button has 2 holes------------go to 3 2 B Button has 4 holes------------go to 5 3 A Button is oval-----------------Peter 3 B Button is round--------------Go to 4 4 A Button has a circle design---------Suzy 4 B Button has no design-----------David 5 A Button is square, round corners------Charles 5 B Button is round--------------Go to 6 6 A Button is large, white-----------Linda 6 B Button is small, multicolored-------Bert 7 A Button is square--------------Nancy 7 B Button is round--------------Go to 8 8 A Button is textured------------Go to 9 8 B Button is smooth----------------Joe 9 A Button is metallic------------Grampa 9 B Button is covered with fabric-----Granny