WHOLE NUMBERS INTEGERS Whole numbers Z 0 the
WHOLE NUMBERS; INTEGERS Whole numbers: Z 0, + = the natural numbers {0}. Integers:
Properties: • Z 0, + is closed under addition and multiplication. • Z 0, + is not closed under subtraction and division. • Z is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication. • Z is not closed under division.
Multiples; Divisors (Factors) Let m, n Z. m is a multiple of n if and only if there is an integer k such that m = k n. n is a divisor of m if and only if m is a multiple of n.
Greatest Common Divisor; Least Common Multiple Let a, b Z, with a, b 0. The greatest common divisor of a and b, denoted gcd(a, b), is the largest integer that divides both a and b. The least common multiple of a and b, denoted lcm(a, b), is the smallest positive multiple of both a and b.
THEOREM: Let a, b Z, a, b 0. Then and
THE RATIONAL NUMBERS The set of rational numbers, Q, is given by NOTE:
“CLOSURE” The set of rational numbers, Q, is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication; Q {0} is closed under division.
ARITHMETIC
Field Axioms Addition (+): Let a, b, c be rational numbers. A 1. a + b = b + a (commutative) A 2. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c A 3. a + 0 = 0 + a = a (associative) (additive identity) A 4. There exists a unique number ã such that a + ã = ã +a = 0 (additive inverse) ã is denoted by – a
Multiplication (·): Let a, b, c be rational numbers: M 1. a b = b a (commutative) M 2. a (b c) = (a b) c M 3. a 1 = 1 a = a (associative) (multiplicative identity) M 4. If a 0, then there exists a unique â such that a â = â a = 1 (multiplicative inverse) â is denoted by a-1 or by 1/a.
D. a(b + c) = ab + ac (a + b)c = ac + bc Distributive laws (the connection between addition and multiplication).
DECIMAL REPRESENTATIONS Let be a rational number. Use long division to divide p by q. The result is the decimal representation of r.
Examples
ALTERNATIVE DEFINITION. The set of rational numbers Q is the set of all terminating or (eventually) repeating decimals.
Repeating versus Terminating Decimals Problem: Given a rational number The decimal expansion of r either terminates or repeats. Give a condition that will imply that the decimal expansion: a. Terminates; b. repeats.
Answer: The decimal expansion of r terminates if and only if the prime factorization of q has the form
Converting decimal expansions to fractions Problems: Write in the form
Locating a rational number as a point on the real number line.
Distribution of the rational numbers on the real line. Let a and b be any two distinct real numbers with a < b. Then there is rational number r such that a < r < b. That is, there is a rational number between any two real numbers. The rational numbers are dense on the real line.
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