WHOLE BODY HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY How Body Terminology

WHOLE BODY & HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS TERMINOLOGY How Body Terminology is Organized

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION � Cell › Fundamental unit of living organisms › Carry out metabolism › Specialized throughout the body › Cell membrane › Nucleus �Chromosomes �Genes � Cytology (cyt/o = cell)

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (con’t) � Tissues › A group of specialized cells working together › 4 types �Epithelial �Muscle (voluntary, involuntary and cardiac) �Connective �Nerve � Membranes

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (con’t) � Organs › Structures composed of tissues working together � Organ (Body) Systems › Composed of several related organs working together to perform a complex function

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Organism (example: human body) Body system (example: digestive) Organ (example: liver) Tissues (example: tissues in liver) Cell (example: cells the make up specific tissues)

DIRECTIONAL TERMS � Anatomical Position: Reference point in medical communication › Directional Terms �Anterior or ventral �Posterior or dorsal �Medial �Lateral �Proximal �Distal �Bilateral �Unilateral �Deep �Superficial �Parietal �Visceral

BODY POSITIONS � Body placement positions that make examination, treatment or surgery easier

DIRECTIONAL PLANES (3) Imaginary slices through the body at specific points and in specific directions � Sagital plane: divides the body into two parts lengthwise, right and left � Frontal (or coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back sections from top to bottom � Transverse plane: divides the body into upper (superior or cephalic) and lower (inferior or caudal) portions

MOVEMENT TERMS � Describe actions or movements of body parts. � Almost always paired: Movement and its opposite § Abduction/Adduction § Pronation/Supination § Flexion/Extension

BODY CAVITIES � 5: Cranial, Spinal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

DIVISIONS OF SPINAL CORD � 5 Regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

MEDICAL IMAGING TERMS � Imaging permits visualization of the inside of the body � Used for diagnostic purposes; may also be used to guide procedures or surgery � Written reports in chart › Radiology

IMAGING TECHNIQUES � X-Rays › Easy to take; good screening tools › May be dye-enhanced › Shades of black, white, and gray only

IMAGING TECHNIQUES (con’t) � Fluoroscopy › Shows a moving image › Useful in viewing GI tract and other mobile areas and organs � Sonography › › Ultrasound imaging – uses sound waves Can produce a moving image Often used to see a fetus in utero Electrocardiography – used to diagnose heart problems

IMAGING TECHNIQUES (con’t) � Computerized Tomography (CT, CAT) › Uses computer-generated images of structures within the body › Body is scanned in layers › May use contact media or radioactive substances to enhance pictures � PET scan − variation

IMAGING TECHNIQUES (con’t) � Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) › Uses a magnetic field › Three-dimensional image seen

SURGERY TERMS � Surgical procedures have advanced greatly � Common terms › › › Anesthesia Dressings Incision Resection Tomy vs. ectomy (suffixes) Biopsy

PATHOLOGY TERMS � Path/o = disease › Pathology �Autopsy �Biopsy › Common terms �Etiology �Infection �Epidemic