Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum greenhouse whitefly Bemisia tabaci argentifolii

Whitefly ……… • Trialeurodes ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ گﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly) • Bemisia tabaci ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ ﺗﻮﺗﻮﻥ (argentifolii) (tobacco/ cotton whitefly)

……… and natural enemies parasites: پﺎﺭﺍﺯیﺖ ﻫﺎ • Encarsia formosa • Eretmocerus eremicus • E. mundus Predators: ﺷکﺎﺭچی ﻫﺎ • Macrolophus caliginosus • Dicyphus hesperus • Amblyseius swirskii Fungus: ﻗﺎﺭچ ﻫﺎ • Verticillium lecanii ﺩﺷﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻃﺒیﻌی ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ

Life stage ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﻧﺪگی T. vaporariorum Eggs ﺗﺨﻢ Larvae ﻻﺭﻭ B. tabaci

Life stages T. vaporariorum Pupae ﺷﻔیﺮﻩ Adult. S ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﻧﺪگی B. tabaci

Whitefly parasitoids پﺎﺭﺍﺯیﺘﻮﺋیﺪﻫﺎی ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus eremicus Eretmocerus mundus

Whitefly parasitoid – life cycle Encarsia formosa ﺳیکﻞ ﺯﻧﺪگی

Eretmocerus mundus Adult ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ

Eretmocerus mundus Egg ﺗﺨﻢ

B. tabac i E. mundus

Whitefly predators ﺷکﺎﺭچی ﻫﺎی ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ Predatory bugs: • Macrolophus caliginosus • Dicyphus hesperus Predatory mites: کﻨﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺷکﺎﺭچی • Amblyseius swirskii

Predatory bugs – life cycle • development time: min. 30 days (25 °C) • longevity: 1 - 2 months ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎی 30 : • ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮ 25 ﻣﺎﻩ 1 -2 : • ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ

Macrolophus caliginosus – life stages ﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﻧﺪگی

Dicyphus hesperus – life stages ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺯﻧﺪگی

The products ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ MIRICAL (Macrolophus) • 500 bugs in 100 cc wood chips with bean pod MIRICAL ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻪ چﻮﺏ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻏﻼﻑ ﻟﻮﺑیﺎ cc 100 کﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ 500 • DICYBUG (Dicyphus) • 250 bugs in vermiculite • Release in clusters • Preventive: use ENTOFOOD DICYBUG ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ • ﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺯی ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ گﺮﻭﻫی

Amblyseius swirskii – whitefly control • Predates both on Bemisia and Trialeurodes • Eats mainly eggs and L 1 (crawlers) • Predation on Bemisia: 19 eggs or 15 crawlers • Produces 2 eggs/ female / day (25 °C) Trialeurodes ﻭ Bemesia • ﺷکﺎﺭچی ﻭ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﺟیﻪ ﻣیﺪﻫﺪ L 1 • ﻻﺭﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ 15 ﺗﺨﻢ یﺎ 19 : ﺷکﺎﺭ • 25 ﺗﺨﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺸﺮ ﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎی 2 ﺗﻮﻟیﺪ •

Amblyseius swirskii whitefly control in sweet pepper results of semi field trial in Spain in 2005 کﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ ﺭﻭی ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ﺩﻟﻤﻪ ﺍی ﺩﺭ ﺗیﻤﺎﺭ ﻧیﻤﻪ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳپﺎﻧیﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 2005

Amblyseius swirskii whitefly control in gerbera results of field trial in the Netherlands in 2005 ﺭ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ

Entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii

Whitefly control کﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣگﺲ ﺳﻔیﺪ • combination parasites and predators ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ پﺎﺭﺍﺯیﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷکﺎﺭچی ﻫﺎ Mirids: • Mirid bugs should be released as early as possible (nursery? ) • When no prey is present yet use ENTOFOOD • Be carefull after application of VERTIMEC (Abamectine) • M. caliginosus not in all crops because of damage • Dicyphus hesperus american equivalent for Macrolophus Amblyseius swirskii: • Preventive in sweet pepper and eggplant • Not in tomato • Other crops in research

Whitefly control parasitoids • ‘Preventive’ introduction of parasitoids • Continue untill parasitism is > 70% • In case of leaf picking higher introduction rate required • In spring (low temp. ) E. formosa better • E. eremicus at higher temperatures, better resistant to chemicals • In some crops overkill strategy used (hostfeeding) • E. mundus only for Bemisia Verticillium lecanii • as a corrective measure (in Europe)