WHII 13 The Cold War Objectives p 127

WHII. 13: The Cold War

Objectives p. 127 WHII. 13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of major events in the second half of the twentieth century by a) explaining key events of the Cold War, including the competition between the American and Soviet economic and political systems and the causes of the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; b) assessing the impact of nuclear weaponry on patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945; c) describing conflicts and revolutionary movements in eastern Asia, including those in China and Vietnam, and their major leaders, i. e. , Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), Chiang Kai-shek, and Ho Chi Minh; d) describing major contributions of selected world leaders in the second half of the twentieth century, including Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping.

Essential Understandings p. 128 13 a Competition between the United States and the U. S. S. R. laid the foundation for the Cold War. 13 a The Cold War influenced the policies of the United States and the U. S. S. R. towards other nations and conflicts around the world. 13 b The presence of nuclear weapons has influenced patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945. 13 b Communism failed as an economic system in the Soviet Union and elsewhere. 13 c Japanese occupation of European colonies in Asia heightened demands for independence after World War II. 13 c After World War II, the United States pursued a policy of containment against communism. This policy included the development of regional alliances against Soviet and Chinese aggression. The Cold War led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam. 13 d World leaders made major contributions to events in the second half of the twentieth century.

Essential Questions 13 a What events led to the Cold War? 13 a What were the causes and consequences of the collapse of the Soviet Union? 13 b What was the impact of nuclear weapons? 13 c How did the Cold War influence conflicts in Eastern Asia after World War II? 13 c What was the policy of containment? p. 128 13 d What roles did Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Deng Xiaoping play in major events in the second half of the twentieth century?

Why do I need to know this? p. 128 1. The conflicts between the two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world. 2. China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage. 3. Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and non-Communist nations.

Warm Up Turn to page 472 in your textbook: - Use the map to answer the questions on page 472

Beginning of the Cold War (1945 -1948)

Cold War 1. intense rivalry developed between the United States and the USSR 2. symbolic struggle between the free enterprise system and communism

Rivalry p. 129 3. Yalta Conference a. b. c. Feb. 1945 – meeting of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt. Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to limit Stalin’s influence in Eastern Europe, but Stalin wanted a communist government set up in Poland decision to divide up Germany

4. United Nations General Assembly a. Met in Paris on December 10, 1948 b. Created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights c. first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

Open to page 476 in your textbook and copy down the chart: Then answer the questions at the bottom of the chart: United States USSR

Eastern Europe 1. the Iron Curtain 2. Soviet Union feared invasion 3. established pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe – they were puppets of the USSR 4. Stalin refused to allow free elections p. 129

Containment p. 129 1. holding back the spread of communism 2. Truman Doctrine – made American military and financial aid available to any nation threatened by communism

Military Alliances p. 129 1. April 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed by the US and western Europe a. military alliance in which countries vowed to back each other up and halt the spread of Soviet Communism 2. 1955 – Soviet Union and its allies signed the Warsaw Pact – military alliance to counter NATO

NATO

Warsaw Pact

Early Events in Europe p. 129 -131

Marshall Plan p. 129 1. economic plan to help European countries regain prosperity 2. European countries had to give control of their economy to the US 3. USSR refused and made its satellites refuse 4. those who participated experienced great success

Marshall Plan

Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlifts p. 129 -131 1. Britain, France and the US occupied West Germany; USSR occupied East Germany a. same with Berlin 2. June 1948 – USSR blocked all land access from the West into East Berlin a. 2 million Berliners depended on the West for aid 3. airlifted supplies for 11 months (Berlin Airlifts) a. planes landed every 3 minutes b. USSR lifted its blockade

Occupied Germany

Occupied Berlin

Berlin Airlifts

4. 1953 -1961 – more than 3 million East Germans fled into West Berlin a. Nikita Khrushchev ordered a wall to be built – August 13, 1961 b. Berlin Wall – 26 miles long and 15 feet high c. The wall stopped all emigration

Nikita Khrushchev Speech

Berlin Wall (August 1961)

Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall

• Winston Churchill Iron Curtain speech

Nuclear Deterrence p. 131 1. the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic bomb in 1949 2. Soviets began a mass build up of nuclear weapons believing that a nuclear war could be fought and won 3. the US began a mass build up in response based on the idea of nuclear deterrence – each country will have so many nuclear weapons that neither would risk a war with the other 4. today there are 9 countries that either have or are suspected of having nuclear weapons a. Russia has 11, 000 b. the US has 8, 500

Sting- Russians song

Conflicts and Revolutionary Movements in China p. 131

China p. 131 1. civil war after World War II 2. Communists (led by Mao Zedong) v. Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai-shek) 3. Communists won and renamed China the People’s Republic of China 4. Nationalists fled to Taiwan (still there today) a. there are two Chinese Countries – China and Taiwan b. still a lot of conflict between the two today 5. communism appealed to the people of China

Mao Zedong Communist Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist

Page: 483 Communist Nationalist

Chiang Kai-shek

Tiananmen Square Massacre p. 131 1. April to June 1989 – 100, 000+ people demonstrated for democracy in Beijing a. began because of Hu Yaobang’s death b. former leader of China who was forced to resign by communist hardliners 2. it is estimated that 2000 -3000 were killed Tiananmen Square

Tiananmen Square Protestors

Tiananmen Square

Tiananmen Square

Remember Tiananmen Square

Korea p. 131 -133

After WWII p. 131 1. was freed from Japan after WWII 2. USSR (communist) occupied top half to 38 th Parallel; US, France and Britain (democratic) occupied bottom half 3. North Korea – capital at Pyongyang 4. South Korea – capital at Seoul

War (Conflict) 1. North declared war on the South in order to unite all of Korea 2. UN supported the South (led mostly by the US) a. US was trying to stop the spread of communism 3. China and USSR supported the North a. China became involved when it though the North would lose 4. 1953 – Korean War ended with no one winning (still split at the 38 th parallel) p. 133

Korea 38 th Parallel

DMZ

Vietnam p. 133

After WWII p. 133 1. Japanese withdrew and France tried to reestablish control 2. Ho Chi Minh led the Vietminh (communists) in a struggle against the French 3. communists won 4. Vietnam divided along 17 th Parallel – North was Communist, South was pro- Western

French Indo-China Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Ho Chi Min

Vietnam

War p. 133 1. Ho Chi Minh was popular in north and south 2. Ngo Dinh Diem (south’s leader) was unpopular a. Viet Cong (communist revolutionaries in the South) politically fought Diem b. the US backed a coup that ended with Diem’s death 3. Minh wanted to unite all of Vietnam 4. US opposed unification according to a domino theory a. domino theory – if Vietnam fell to communism, then other countries in South East Asia would fall to communism

Domino Theory

5. early 1960 – US sent 16, 000 advisors to help the South (JFK) a. March 1965 – 500, 000 US troops in the South (LBJ) 6. China and USSR sent aid and weapons, but no troops 7. US suffered heavily at the hands of the North Vietnamese 8. a ceasefire was called and the US withdrew all forces in 1973 9. 1975 – North attacked the South again and united Vietnam into one communist country

Vietnam War

Vietnam War

Vietnam War

Cuba p. 135

Fidel Castro 1. 1956 – Fidel Castro began attacking the Cuban government 2. took control of Cuba on January 1, 1959 3. kicked out American businesses 4. US stopped buying Cuban sugar so they sold it to the USSR p. 135

Cuba Less than 100 miles Castro

Bay of Pigs 1. Bay of Pigs -- April 17, 1961 2. US trained 1, 500 Cuban exiles to return to Cuba and overthrow Castro 3. Castro was ready and invasion failed p. 135

Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev began building missile bases on Cuba 2. US President John F. Kennedy ordered 200+ US warships to blockade Cuba 3. the closest the world came to all-out nuclear war 4. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles if US never attack Cuba again JFK Speech p. 135

May Day Parade

Nuclear Reach from Cuba

Cuba Today 1. no longer supported by Russia 2. still tense relations between the US and Cuba p. 135

Collapse of Soviet Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (1989 -) p. 135 -137

End of the USSR 1. After Khrushchev, Lenonid Brezhnev took over the USSR and adopted aggressive policies of censorship a. When Czechoslovakia loosed censorship – Brezhnev invaded and ended the Prague Spring

End of the USSR 2. After the Cold War President Nixon and Brezhnez conducted SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) conferences and signed a treaty limiting the number of missiles each country can have

Warsaw Pact Countries p. 135 1. nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries 2. Soviet/Warsaw Pact countries resented Soviet control and wanted to direct their own governments 3. 1989 – USSR broke up

Soviet Economy p. 135 1. suffered from communism 2. Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev tried to reform the USSR economy in two plans a. perestroika – restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system b. glasnost - freed public access to information after decades of heavy government censorship 3. Gorbachev encouraged reform in other Soviet countries (15 countries) 4. hard-line communists attempted a coup against Gorbachev – failed 5. Was the last leader of the USSR 5. people turned against Gorbachev and communists and elected a new leader, Boris Yeltsin

Tearing Down the Berlin Wall p. 137 1. communism was a miserable failure 2. East Germany elected a more moderate Communist government, but many not satisfied a. allowed people to leave East Germany 3. Hungary was allowing East German tourists to cross the border into Austria 4. protestors demanded the right to travel freely 5. November 9, 1989 – the Brandenburg Gate opened and people began attacking the wall 6. Gorbachev and President Reagan given credit for being most responsible for the end of the Cold War

Brandenburg Gate Fall of the wall news broadcast

• http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 z 6 dx. QVh. E 8 o “Tear down this wall” USSR jokes

Other World Leaders p. 137 -139

Indira Gandhi - India p. 137 1. Prime Minister of India for over 15 years (1966– 77) and (1980– 84) 2. She personally disliked US president Richard Nixon, so she developed a closer relationship with the USSR 3. developed India’s nuclear program in response to the nuclear threat posed by China 4. brought the number of people in India living below the poverty line from 65% to 45% 5. food production increased by 250% 6. literacy rose 30% 7. assassinated in 1984

Deng Xiaoping p. 139 1. communism was not doing well in China 3. developed a new way of thinking about socialism (Socialism with Chinese Characteristics) 4. opened China to foreign investment, global market, and limited private competition 5. developed China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world for over 30 years

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

Margaret Thatcher p. 139 1. first woman prime minister of Britain (1979 -1990) 2. economic policies emphasized government deregulation of businesses and the financial sector a. less taxes on businesses, more of a laissez-faire attitude 3. was a strong opponent of the USSR and huge supporter of the US and Ronald Reagan Iron Lady Trailer

Characteristics of the Cold War p. 139

Characteristics of the Cold War 1. NATO v. the Warsaw Pact 2. Germany and Berlin Airlifts 3. Korean Conflict 4. Vietnam War 5. Cuban Missile Crisis 6. Nuclear weapons and theory of deterrence p. 139

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Germany and Berlin Airlifts

Korean Conflict

Vietnam War

Cuban Missile Crisis

Nuclear Weapons

USSR and Afghanistan • 1979 -1988 • USSR backed the Afghan government; the US backed the Mujahedeen rebels • US boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow • 14, 000 Soviet dead; 1+million Afghans – Over 5 million Afghans fled (more than 1/3 of the population) – 10 -15 million land mines still in Afghanistan

Soviet Union and Afghanistan