Where is Southern English heading Pressures from North
- Slides: 67
Where is Southern English heading? Pressures from North, East, West, South William Labov, University of Pennsylvania Duke University October 9, 2008
www. ling. upenn. edu/~labov
Where did Southern English come from?
Figure 14. 24 Settlement patterns of the Eastern U. S. (Kniffen and Glassie 1966)
New light on the expatriate Southern community in Brazil Shana Poplack, William Labov, Maciej Baranowski
Older forms of Southern English retained in Americana speech The /j/ glide with /uw/ after coronals in new, tune, news, knew, student, etc. The contrast of /ohr/ vs. /Ohr/ in more, four, before, important vs. born, for, north, short, etc. The contrast of /hw/ and /w/ in which, where, vs. witch, wear, etc. The presence of a palatal upglide with the mid-central vowel of first, church, work, etc. The presence of a palatal upglide with the low front vowel in plan, last, can’t.
/j/ glides for the Mc. Fadden family Charles Mc. Fadden stupid 2 Leslie Mc. Fadden knew 1 knew 2 knew 3 Lance Mc. Fadden due 1 due 2 news
/juw/ vs. /iw/ knew 3 knew 1
Back vowels before /r/ for Leslie Mc. Fadden
Back vowels before /r/ for Charles Mc. Fadden
Map 18. 1. Relics of vanishing distinctions in the South
General principles of merger: Garde’s Principle: Mergers cannot be reversed by linguistic means Herzog’s Corollary: Mergers expand at the expense of distinctions
Map 9. 1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/
Map 11. 2. Three areas of resistance to the low back merger
The Southern Shift
The Southern Shift hit kids beatin’ set bed Danny grade Guy wipin’
General principles of chain shifting In chain shifts, I. Tense nuclei rise along a peripheral track II. Lax nuclei fall along a non-peripheral track
NCS & Southern Shift
The Southern Shift & Canadian Shift The Canadian Shift
Figure 18. 5. Means of Vy vowels for 21 dialects. IS = Inland South; TS = Texas South; SE = Southeastern; FL = Florida
Percent correct in Gating Experiments by city in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY
Percent correct in Gating Experiments by city and educational level in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY
Percent correct in Gating Experiments by race and educational level in Cross Dialectal Comprehension study: I knew the GUY
Fig. 18. 1. Percent monophthongization of /ay/
M 18. 5. Spread of monophthongization of /ay/ beyond areas shown in PEAS
Map 18. 5. Second stage of the Southern Shift
Map 18. 6. Third stage of the Southern Shift
The Southern Shift in vowel system of Thelma M. , 31, Birmingham, TS 341
Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lance R. , 45 [1997], Durham NC, TS 627 wide
“eye” of Lance R. , . Durham
“wide” of Lance R. , Durham
“bike” of Lance R. , Durham
Where is Southern English going?
Map 7. 1 Residual r -lessness in the Eastern U. S.
T 18. 3 Regression on SS
Map 9. 5. Merger of /i/ and /e/ before nasals
Map 9. 5. Merger of /i/ and /e/ before nasals (South)
/i/ and /e/ before /n/ for L. Mc. Fadden (highlighted = prenasal)
Map 9. 1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/
Map 18. 9. Back upglide with /oh/
Map 9. 1 The low back merger of /o/ and /oh/
Map 11. The Southeastern Super-region
F 12. 6. Fronting of /ow/ and /uw/ after coronals for North American regions
Figure 11. 6. Fronting of /Tuw/ and /ow/ for North American dialects
Figure 12. 7. Fronting of /uw/ after coronals and before /l/
Table 12. 7. Regression analysis of /uw/ before /l/ in the South
Back upgliding vowels of Lance R. , Durham
What are the forces that drive or slow the development of Southern English?
What are the forces that drive or slow the development of Southern English? 1. Structural
NCS & Southern Shift
What are the forces that drive or slow the development of Southern English? 2. Ideological
Red States and Blue States in U. S. 2004 Presidential election
States for Kerry in 2000 and dialect areas: solid line = Northern dialect region: dashed line = Inland Northern Cities Shift
Presidential elections in which the North [NY, MI, WI, IA, MN] has been opposed to the South [TX, AK, LA, MI, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC, KY, TN, VA]
Conversation between John F. Kennedy and Senator Russell B. Long of Louisiana, 1960 JFK: But this isn’t 1876. Because what happens is it will become the most publicized thing. . . everybody’s looking, now what is this president promising this group and pretty soon you’ve got the Goddamndest mayhem. Long: . . . the Negro vote might be the key vote. . . JFK: At least I could count it. . . I think it’s crazy for the South because this way I’m concerned about Georgia and Louisiana and these places, here’s where we got a chance to carry them, but if I end up with no chance to carry them then I gotta go up north and try to do my business.
Valerie Fridland on the similar treatment of (ay) by Blacks and Whites in Memphis Tennessee These similarities are serving as markers of local regional, not ethnic affiliation in the sense of Eckert’s (2000) community of practice where social entities co-construct symbolic identity in so far as they participate in shared practices that come to characterize that group’s identity. While social unity was a part of the communities of practice explored by Eckert, I would expand her framework to suggest that these shared practices do not necessarily require individuals’ social cohesion, but merely require historical experience and a strongly circumscribing environment that places speakers in a similar social position relative to the external social world. . The modern South thus stands as a contradiction in terms of race relations with very little ethnic mixing beyond that forced by daily interaction but with a very strong sense of shared historical and cultural heritage uniting Black and White Southerners. --Fridland, Valerie 2000. Tie, tied and tight: The expansion of /ay/ monophthongization in African-American and European-American speech in Memphis, Tennessee. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 279 -298.
/i/ and /e/ before nasals for Allison Jones (bold = vowels before nasals)
/iw/ in knew 1 of Leslie Mc. Fadden
/juw/ in knew 3 of Charles Mc. Fadden
Survival of the /Ohr/ ~ /ohr/ distinction in the Atlas of North American English at the end of the 20 th century
Survival of the /iw/~/uw/ distinction in the American South in the Atlas of North American English at the end of the 20 th century
Back vowels before /r/ for Lance Mc. Fadden
Figure 18. 9. The Southern Shift of /ay/, /ey/ and /iy/ highlighted in the normalized means of 402 Telsur speakers displayed by Plotnik Major
The Southern Shift in vowel system of Lucy C. , 35, Chattanooga TN, TS 612
/i/ and /e/ before /n/ for Lance Mc. Fadden
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