Where Caesars Latin does not belong a comparative

Where Caesar’s Latin does not belong: a comparative grammar based approach to Romance etymology Eva Buchi Proto-Romance ATILF (CNRS & Nancy-Université) ICHLL 5 (St Anne’s College, Oxford, 16 -18 June 2010) Portuguese Sardinian Romanian

This talk advocates a paradigm shift in Romance inherited etymology Comparative grammar = leading paradigm (bottom-up) Except Romance languages: Latin (top-down) (cabăllus, dĕcĕm, hĕrba ↔ *abbĭbĕrare) Chambon 2007; to appear 2 Recommends recreating Romance etymology on the basis of comparative grammar

Etymology of engl. (to) fall? The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966): reconstructed Cognates: Old Frisian, Old Norse, Old Saxon, Old High German Etymon: Common German (Proto-German) 3

Semantic equivalents in Romance etymology? Italian cadere, French choir, Spanish caer ‘to fall’ Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (REW 3 1935) Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke (1861– 1936) 4

In Romance etymology, the comparative method is bypassed by mentions of Latin etyma REW 3: not attested Headword → classical Latin Subentry → ‘fiddled with’ classical Latin The headword does not account for Italian cadere nor for any of its cognates! 5

Chambon 2007; to appear Comparative grammar? My claim: applying the comparative method to this etymological family deepens our understanding of its origin Demonstration limited to the stressed syllable 6

Proto-Romance */'kad-e-/ */'kad-e-re/ */ka'd-e-re/ Rom. [kə'dea] Dalm. [ka'dar] It. [ka'dere] recessive type → older stratum Venet. ['kaze] Venet. [ka'dere] Sicil. ['kadiri] Sicil. [ka'dere] Fr. ['ʃwa. R] Occit. ['kaire] Old occit. [ka'zer] Cat. ['kaurə] Old cat. [ka'der] Sp. [ka'er] Galic. -Port. [ka'er] 7 2 inflectional types, 1 verb extensive type → younger stratum

This stratigraphy is confirmed by historical data A. D. • */'kad-e-re/ • */ka'd-e-re/ 100 B. C. 300 B. C. 200 B. C. 8 Raupach in Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik

Let’s draw in Latin philology! Lat. cadere (since Ennius [3 rd/2 nd century B. C. ]) Lat. cadēre (late antiquity [4 th century A. D. ]) Hypothesis: */'kad-e-re/ and */ka'd-e-re/ = variants within the Latin diasystem (acrolect/basilect) Earlier periods: spoken Latin contained both variants Later on: it contained only */ka'd-e-re/ 9

So was Chambon right in his pleading? Yes, the comparative method yields more interesting results than the ‘look it up in the Latin dictionary’ approach 1. Romance etymology: 1 lexeme, 2 inflectional types, 2 diastratic varieties of Proto-Romance, internal stratification Philip Durkin, The Oxford Guide to Etymology (2009: 10 -11): ‘Even though our surviving records for classical Latin are mostly literary and reflect a highly homogeneous literary language, there is indeed some variation in our surviving Latin evidence, and the later evidence of the Romance languages suggests the existence of a good deal of further variation in Latin which is not reflected in the surviving documentary evidence. ’ 10

But there is more… 2. Latin etymology: deeper understanding of known data by placing them in the context of the diasystem of global Latin 3. Indo-European etymology: Proto-Romance data compare, more easily than Latin data do, to Proto-x data Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic 11 Proto-Slavic Proto-Romance Latin

Comparative grammar is a valuable method to be applied in Romance inherited etymology You may be tempted to challenge this generalization DÉRom (Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman) Edited by Wolfgang Schweickard and Eva Buchi Compiled by a team of 34 linguists based in 7 countries (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain) First stage (2008– 2010) funded by the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) and the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) 12

Goal of the DÉRom project: reconstructing the core lexicon of Proto-Romance (about 500 etyma) 13 Free Web site: http: //www. atilf. fr/DERom

All of the 24 downloadable entries lend support to the idea that comparative grammar is useful REW 3 carpĭnus DÉRom Variation within Proto-Romance /'karpɪn‑u/ (1. ) */'karpɪn‑u/ fem. (2. 1. ) */'karpɪn‑u/ masc. (2. 2. ) */'karpɪn‑a/ fem. facĕre */'ɸak‑e‑/ laxāre */'laks‑a‑/ pons, pŏnte */'pɔnt‑e/ 14 (1. ) */'ɸak‑e‑re/ (2. ) syncopated */'ɸ‑a‑re/ (high frequency in the synthetic future */ɸ‑a‑re‑'aβ‑e‑/ > French ferai) (1. ) */'laks‑a‑/ (2. ) */'laks‑i‑a‑/ (colloquial interfixe) (1. ) masc. (2. ) fem. (regularized) (3. ) masc. (restaured)

In conclusion, I hope you agree that applying Chambon’s methodological plea to Italian cadere and its cognates bore fruit → */'kad-e-/ example provided the opportunity for presenting the DÉRom project → occasion for self-explanation Anatoly Liberman (2009: 96): ‘In conformity with their genre, etymological dictionaries emphasize the results rather than the process of the investigation. ’ 15

One might think that there are no major discoveries left to be made in Romance etymology Georgia Green & Jerry Morgan, Practical guide to syntactic analysis (1996: 17): ‘Beginning students are sometimes discouraged by the belief that ‘all the easy stuff’s already been done. What’s left is really hard. ’ But when that ‘easy stuff’ is examined closely, it often turns out that it is only half-done, and that the conclusions do not follow from the premises (which often are not made explicit), or that the assumptions they are based on are no longer considered tenable. A surprising amout of the ‘easy stuff’ needs to be re-done. ’ Because of its Latin-orientedness, Romance inherited etymology is only half-done 16

Therefore Romance etymology needs a change of paradigm Using from now on the technique of comparative reconstruction, Romance etymology shall be better integrated in general etymology As to the course correction within Romance etymology, it will have to be carried out with tact… 17