Whats the link between protein synthesis and mutations

What’s the link between protein synthesis and mutations!?

MUTATION: A change in the order of bases in DNA

An alteration of one or a few nucleotides can cause a change in the gene expressed!

Mutations can be either: i) Beneficial (+) ii) Neutral ( ) iii) Harmful (-)

Interesting Animal Mutations…. Beneficial? Neutral? or Harmful? Two headed turtle

Hairless ferret Hairless Cat

Four Legged Duckling

Two headed snake

Siamese Twins -award winning sumo wrestlers-

Silver Wood Ducks -water fowl colour mutations-

Snowflake at the Barcelona Zoo Albinism: A disorder that affects the colour of this gorilla’s skin/hair colour. Snowflake died of cancer in 2003 when he was approximately 37 years old. He had a number of offspring all of which did not have albinism.

Gene Mutations Chap 17. 5

What is the link between mutations and evolution? Mutations are the basis of evolution! Without mutations there is not change over time hence no evolution! Changes in DNA can code for changes in both appearance and in behaviour. Natural selection either favours (“selects”) or disfavours such changes because they affect the ability to survive and reproduce (fitness!)

Mutations can be either: i) Beneficial (+) ii) Neutral ( ) iii) Harmful (-)

Beneficial Mutations Ex: Sickle Cell Anemia red blood cells are sickle shape not round One copy of this gene makes a Person resistant to deadly Malaria

Ex: Bacteria that can Digest oil Used to clean up oil spills Ex: Superbugs… Mutation enables some bacteria to resist / not be killed by antibiotics beneficial to the bacteria bad for humans!

Neutral Mutations

Harmful Mutations Ex: Cystic Fibrosis -> mucus builds up in the lungs lung infections can be deadly

Diabetes insulin protein is not made properly Blood sugar levels are out of control

How do mutations occur? I. Frameshift mutations: Addition or deletion of a nucleotide THE CAT ATE THE RAT Deletion of ‘C’ causes : THE ATA TET HER AT The whole message is affected (all codons!)

II. Point Mutations A single nucleotide is changed 1 codon only affected i) Silent- no effect GAT GAC – both code for leucine ii) Missense- protein’s final shape & function affected CTT CAT – valine replaces glutamate ii) Nonsense- protein unable to function AGT ATT – serine replaced by STOP

What type of mutation?

mutagens: environmental factors that cause mutations 1. High Energy Radiation: x-rays, gamma rays, UV light 2. Chemical Mutagens: benzenes, dioxins, some substances in cigarette smoke & in pesticides

https: //www. cancerresearchuk. org/aboutcancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-controversies/plasticbottles-and-food-containers

Processed meat and risk of childhood leukemia https: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/8167267