What Youll Learn 1 Discuss steps to take

What You’ll Learn 1. Discuss steps to take when checking a victim. 2. Explain first aid procedures for choking. 3. Explain first aid procedures for rescue breathing. 4. Explain first aid procedures for shock. 5. Explain first aid procedures for CPR. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What You’ll Learn 6. Describe first aid procedures for heart attack. 7. Describe first aid procedures for wounds. 8. Explain first aid procedures for poisoning and stroke. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Key Terms • victim assessment • universal distress signal • abdominal thrusts • rescue breathing • shock • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • cardiac arrest • laceration Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information. • tetanus • nosebleed

Checking a Victim • Emergency first aid procedures are actions taken when a person is seriously injured or suddenly becomes ill. • A victim assessment is a check of the injured or medically ill person to determine if certain conditions are present. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Checking a Victim • Performing a victim assessment includes making sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. • Performing a victim assessment also includes checking to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About Checking a Victim • Call the emergency number. – A victim who is able to speak to you is breathing and has a pulse. – If the victim does not respond, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About Checking a Victim Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Choking • Choking is an emergency in which the airway is blocked. • A conscious victim will cough to try to dislodge the piece of food or object that is blocking his or her airway. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking • If a victim can talk, the victim is getting enough air and should be encouraged to continue trying to cough up the object. • If the victim cannot get enough air to talk or cough, or the cough is very weak, the airway is completely blocked. • The universal distress signal is a warning that a person is having difficulty breathing and is shown by clutching at the throat with one or both hands. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking • Abdominal thrusts are a series of thrusts to the abdomen that force air from the lungs to dislodge an object. • The method of giving abdominal thrusts is different for adults, children, and infants. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if You are Choking 1. If possible, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. If you cannot speak, do not hang up. The emergency dispatcher can trace your call and send an ambulance to your location. Be aware that an emergency dispatcher cannot trace a call made from a cellular phone. Use a regular telephone if at all possible. 2. Get the attention of someone around you. Use the universal distress signal if you are unable to speak. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if You are Choking 3. Give yourself abdominal thrusts if no one can help you. Make a fist with one hand, and grab the fist with your other hand. Give yourself five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward your diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat until the object is dislodged. 4. If a sturdy chair is available, push your body against the back of the chair, pushing between the waist and ribs. Hold onto the chair with your hands to push yourself back up. Repeat until the object is dislodged. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking • Call the emergency number. – To obtain medical care immediately, call the local emergency number. – Do not do anything if the victim can speak or cough easily. – Encourage the victim to continue coughing to dislodge the object. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking 1. If the victim is conscious but cannot speak, breathe, or cough, stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Make a fist with one hand. Place thumb side of the fist into the victim’s abdomen above the navel and below the rib cage. Grab your fist with the other hand. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Conscious and Choking 2. Give five quick abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and push up toward the victim’s diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat the cycle of five abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged. The victim may need rescue breathing after the object is dislodged. Stay with the victim and watch for breathing difficulties. Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing but has a pulse. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 2. Roll the victim onto his or her back. Open the victim’s airway by lifting the victim’s chin while tilting the head back. Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point. 3. Place the heel of your other hand directly over the heel of the first hand interlock your fingers. Do not let your fingers touch the victim’s chest. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 4. Position your shoulders over your hand lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 15 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. 5. Look for an object in the victim’s mouth. If you see one, remove it. Place a face mask or a shield over the victim’s face. Place your mouth over the mask and give two slow breaths. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking 6. If air goes in and the victim’s chest rises, provide rescue breathing. If air does not go in, repeat the cycle of 15 chest compressions, a check for an object in the victim’s mouth, and two breaths until the object is dislodged. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately, whether the infant or young child is conscious or unconscious. 2. If the victim is coughing or crying, do not interfere. Coughing can help clear an airway. If the infant or young child has stopped coughing and the object has not come out, place the victim face up on your upper leg. Make certain that the victim’s head is lower than the rest of the victim’s body. Press two or three fingers in the center of the breastbone. Give five quick chest thrusts. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 3. If the infant or young child cannot cough, cry, or breathe, place the victim face down on your forearm or upper leg. Support the victim’s head by placing your hand around the lower jaw and chest. Use the heel of your other hand give five quick blows to the victim’s back between the shoulder blades. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Choking What to Do if an Infant or Young Child is Choking 4. Repeat chest thrusts and back blows until the object is dislodged. After each set of five chest thrusts and back blows, try to breathe into the mouth and nose of the infant or young child. If air goes in, provide rescue breathing. If not, continue giving another set of back blows and thrusts. 5. If the infant or young child is unconscious and choking, use the chest compressions/rescue breaths first aid technique described in “What to Do if an Adult or Older Child is Unconscious and Choking. ” Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Rescue Breathing • A victim will become unconscious if he or she is without oxygen for only a few minutes. • If the body is without oxygen, eventually the heart will stop beating and the victim will die. • Rescue breathing is a way of breathing air into an unconscious victim who is not breathing, but who has a pulse. • Rescue breathing gives a victim the oxygen needed to stay alive. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About Rescue Breathing • Adults and children 1. Apply the rim of the mask between the victim’s lower lip and chin, thus pulling back the lower lip to keep the mouth open under the mask. 2. Position the end marked “nose” over the victim’s nose. Seal the mask. 3. Open the victim’s airway and blow slowly. 4. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 5. Continue until the chest rises. If the victim vomits, remove the mask and clear the victim’s airway. Reapply the mask. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About Rescue Breathing • Infants – Follow the same procedures, except reverse the mask so the end marked “nose” is under the infant’s chin. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 2. Roll the victim on his or her back. Tilt the victim’s head back in the following way: Place one hand under the victim’s chin and lift up while pressing down on the victim’s forehead with your other hand. 3. Check to see if the victim has a pulse. To do this, use the hand that is supporting the chin to locate the Adam’s apple. Slide the tips of your fingers down into the groove beside the Adam’s apple, and feel for a pulse. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 4. If the victim has a pulse, proceed with rescue breathing. Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Pinch the victim’s nostrils shut. 5. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. Open the victim’s airway. Breathe slowly into the victim, giving two slow breaths. 6. Remove your mouth between breaths. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 7. Check the victim for signs of circulation. Signs of circulation include a response to the two breaths that you have delivered, such as normal breathing, coughing, or movement. They also include the presence of a pulse. 8. If the victim has a pulse, but is not breathing normally, give one slow, gentle breath, about every 5 seconds. 9. Each breath should last about 2 seconds. 10. Remove your mouth after each breath so the victim can exhale. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children 11. Watch to see if the victim’s chest rises. 12. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every minute. 13. Continue rescue breathing as long as the victim is not breathing, but has a pulse. 14. If the victim does not have signs of circulation, the heart is not beating. Adults who stop breathing may have cardiac arrest and need cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Adults and Older Children • Tips for Rescue Breathing – If possible, call for help or send someone for help before beginning rescue breathing. – Before beginning rescue breathing, do not loosen clothing or attempt to warm the victim. – Unless the victim is lying in a dangerous area, do not move the victim. – Be sure to get permission before caring for a conscious victim. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately for an unconscious infant or child known to be at risk for heart problems. 2. If you are alone, provide 1 minute of care, then call the local emergency number quickly if the victim is younger than eight, is a drowning victim, or is a victim of cardiac arrest due to trauma or drug overdose. 3. Roll the victim on his or her back. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 4. Tilt the victim’s head back slightly. For an infant, the head should be tilted so the ears are lined up with the shoulders. 5. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 6. Pinch a child’s nose and cover the mouth if the mask permits. 7. For an infant, cover the mouth and nose with your mouth. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 8. Give two slow breaths. Each breath should be slow and gentle, lasting about 1½ seconds. 9. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. 10. Remove your mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 11. Check the victim for signs of circulation. Signs of circulation include a response to the two breaths that you have delivered, such as normal breathing, coughing, or movement, and a pulse. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 12. If the victim has a pulse, but is not breathing, give one slow breath about every 3 seconds. Remove your mouth after each breath so the victim can exhale. 13. Check for signs of circulation and breathing every minute. Continue rescue breathing, and look, listen, and feel for signs of circulation. Look for normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response to rescue breaths. Feel for a pulse. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give Rescue Breathing to Infants and Young Children 14. If the victim does not have signs of circulation (no response), the heart is not beating. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is needed. • Breathing barrier – Try to always use a barrier between you and the victim to reduce the risk of disease transmission when giving breaths. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Shock • Any serious injury or illness can lead to shock. • Shock is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the body tissues. • Shock can lead to collapse, coma, and death if untreated. • Signs of shock include rapid, shallow breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About First Aid for Shock 1. Call the local emergency number and immediately obtain medical care for the victim. 2. Have the victim lie down. 3. Elevate the victim’s legs about 8 to 12 inches above heart level, unless you suspect head, neck, or back injuries or broken bones in the hips or legs. 4. Leave the victim lying flat if you are unsure of the victim’s injuries. 5. Improve the victim’s circulation by following the ABCs of caring for a shock victim. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About First Aid for Shock Airway Keep the airway open. Breathing Perform rescue breathing if necessary. Remember to use a face mask or a shield. Circulation If you have completed CPR training, perform CPR if the victim has no pulse. 6. Control external bleeding. Wear protective gloves. 7. Help the victim maintain normal body temperature. Cover the victim with a blanket if he or she is cold. Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a first aid technique used to restore heartbeat and breathing. • CPR should be used only if you are trained to use it. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 1. Make a victim assessment. Use the ABCs of CPR to help you determine the need for CPR. Airway Open the victim’s airway. Breathing Perform rescue breathing if breathing has stopped. Circulation Perform CPR if a pulse is absent. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. 2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 3. Roll the victim on his or her back. 4. Find the lower part of the victim’s breastbone and measure up the width of two fingers from that point. 5. Place the heel of your other hand on the sternum next to the fingers. Place the heel of the other hand directly over the heel of the first hand. Interlock your fingers. Do not let them touch the victim’s chest. 6. Position your shoulders over your hands and lock your elbows straight. Exert pressure straight down. Compress the chest 15 times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 7. Exert enough pressure to depress the breastbone 1½ to 2 inches. Each compression forces blood from the heart to other parts of the body. 8. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 9. Open the airway. Place your mouth on the mask that is over the victim’s face. Give two slow breaths. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 10. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. 11. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 12. Do three more sets of 15 compressions and two slow breaths. 13. Check for signs of circulation and whether the victim is breathing. Signs of circulation include normal breathing, coughing, movement in response to rescue breaths, and a pulse. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Adults and Older Children 14. If a victim is breathing, put him or her in the recovery position (on side); ensure airway is open. 15. If the victim does not have signs of circulation, continue sets of 15 compressions and two slow breaths. Chest compression should be at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Young Children 1. Make a victim assessment. Be sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. 2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 3. Roll the victim on his or her back. 4. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the victim’s breastbone. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Young Children 5. Position your shoulders over your hand to exert pressure straight down. 6. Compress the chest five times at a rate of 100 compressions per minute. 7. Wear a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. 8. Open the airway. Place your mouth on the mask that is over the victim’s face. Give one slow breath. 9. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Young Children 10. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. 11. Repeat sets of five compressions and one slow breath for about 1 minute (12 sets). 12. Check for signs of circulation and whether the victim is breathing. Signs of circulation include a pulse and normal breathing, coughing, or movement in response to CPR. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Young Children 13. If the victim does not have a pulse, continue sets of five compressions and one slow breath. 14. Recheck pulse and breathing every few minutes. 15. If the victim is unconscious but is breathing, place the victim on his or her side in the recovery position. In the recovery position, a victim will have the hand of the upper arm tucked under the chin to keep the airway open should he or she vomit. The other arm, which will be flat on the ground, and the legs, which will be splayed, will keep the victim on his or her side. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Young Children 16. If, while the victim is in the recovery position, there are signs of loss of circulation in the lower arm, place the victim on his or her other side after 30 minutes. These signs may include the skin appearing pale, grayish in color, or cool to the touch. • It is very important that cardiopulmonary resuscitation be started as soon as possible. • If CPR is started within 4 minutes of collapse, a person has a 40 percent chance of survival. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Infants 1. Make a victim assessment. Be sure that the victim has an open airway, the victim is breathing, and the victim’s heart is beating. Also, check to see if the victim is severely bleeding or if the victim has other injuries. 2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 3. A person who is trained in CPR should roll the victim on his or her back. Place third and fourth finger on the center of the victim’s breastbone. Compress the chest five times at a rate of about 100 compressions per minute. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Infants 4. Use a face mask or a shield for protection. Follow the instructions provided with the mask. Apply the mask. Open the airway. 5. Place your mouth on the mask that is over the victim’s face. Give one slow breath. Watch to see if the victim’s chest slowly rises. 6. Remove your mouth from the victim’s mouth to allow the victim to exhale. Repeat sets of five compressions and one slow breath for about 1 minute. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

How to Give CPR to Infants 7. Check to see if there are signs of circulation (normal breathing, coughing, or movement) and whether the victim has a pulse. 8. If there are no signs of circulation, continue sets of five compressions and one slow breath. 9. Recheck for pulse and breathing every few minutes. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Heart Attack • A heart attack is the death of cardiac muscle caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart. • Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating and blood stops flowing through the body. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Heart Attack 1. Have the victim stop activity and rest in a comfortable position. 2. Ask the victim about his or her condition. Does the victim have a history of heart disease? Is the victim taking any medications? 3. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 4. Comfort the victim until help arrives. Help the person take the prescribed heart medication. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Heart Attack 5. Observe the victim for changes in condition. 6. If cardiac arrest occurs, the victim is not breathing and has no pulse, a person who is trained in CPR should perform CPR and rescue breathing. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Heart Attack Warning Signs The warning signs of a heart attack include: • persistent pain or pressure in the center of the chest that is not relieved by resting or changing position • pain that spreads from the center of the chest to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, or back • dizziness • sweating • fainting • difficulty breathing or shortness of breath • pale or bluish skin color • moist face • irregular pulse Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Wounds • A wound is an injury to the body’s soft tissues. • A closed wound is an injury to the soft tissues under the skin. • An open wound is an injury in which the skin’s surface is broken. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds • Bruise – A bruise is a wound in which damage to soft tissues and blood vessels causes bleeding under the skin. – Large bruises may indicate serious damage to deeper body tissues. • Incision – An incision is a cut caused by a sharpedged object. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds • Laceration – A laceration is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin. – There is a risk of infection because foreign matter is forced through the skin. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds • Abrasion – An abrasion is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping away of the skin. – There is a risk of infection, as dirt and other matter can become ground into the wound. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds • Avulsion – An avulsion is a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away. – This injury may result in a piece of skin hanging as a flap. – It may result in a body part, such as a finger, being completely torn from the body. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds • Puncture – A puncture is a wound that is produced when a pointed instrument pierces the skin. – A needle, nail, piece of glass, knife, or bullet can cause a puncture wound. – The risk of infection from a puncture wound is high and a tetanus shot may be given if the victim has not had one recently. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Prevent Infection • What is infection? – An infection is a condition in which pathogens enter the body and multiply. – Wash minor wounds with soap and water. – Apply antibiotic ointment and cover the wound with a sterile bandage to keep the wound clean. – Reapply antibiotic ointment and change bandages every day. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Prevent Infection • Signs of infection – Watch the wounded area closely for signs of infection, such as swelling or redness. – The wounded area may become warm, throb with pain, or discharge pus. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Prevent Infection • Medical care – Get medical care if the wound is deep and bleeding or if the wound appears to need stitches. – Medical care is needed if you start to run a temperature above 100˚F; the area around the wound feels numb or has red streaks; you cannot move comfortably; or the wound is draining thick, creamy, and grayish fluid. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Prevent Infection • How to prevent tetanus – Some wounds, especially puncture wounds, put you at risk for a tetanus infection. – Tetanus, or lockjaw, is a disease caused by a type of bacteria that grows in the body and produces a strong poison that affects the nervous system and muscles. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Prevent Infection • How to prevent tetanus – A DTa. P is an immunization given in childhood to protect against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). – A booster shot is needed every five to ten years after the childhood series. A booster shot also is needed when a wound is caused by a dirty object, such as a rusty nail. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Treat an Infection The following are four steps you can use to treat infection: 1. Keep the area clean and soak it with warm water. 2. Apply an antibiotic ointment. 3. Elevate the infected area above the level of the heart. 4. Seek medical attention. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Control Bleeding • The first priority for any wound is to stop severe bleeding and prevent germs from entering the wound. • A person with severe bleeding could bleed to death in a matter of minutes. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Control Bleeding 1. If the bleeding is severe, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. 2. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and apply direct pressure with your hand. 3. Add more cloth if the blood soaks through, but do not remove the first piece of cloth. 4. Do not remove any foreign objects that are lodged deep in the wound. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Control Bleeding 5. If you do not suspect fractures, elevate the wounded body part above heart level. This helps reduce blood flow to the area. 6. Secure the cloth or sterile dressing with some type of bandage. 7. If the bleeding does not stop, continue to apply direct pressure to the wound. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Control Bleeding 8. Locate the closest pressure point. The pressure point technique compresses the main artery that supplies blood to the affected body part. This technique stops circulation within the limb. 9. It is important to remember that if the use of the pressure point technique is necessary, it should be used in conjunction with direct pressure and elevation. Using the pressure point technique to stop bleeding is not a substitute for direct pressure. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Stop a Nosebleed • A nosebleed is a loss of blood from the mucous membranes that line the nose. • Most nosebleeds are caused by a blow to the nose or cracked mucous membranes in the nose. • If a nosebleed occurs without obvious cause or frequently, a physician should be consulted. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds How to Stop a Nosebleed 1. Use protective gloves if you are assisting the victim. Have the victim sit with his or head slightly forward and pinch the nostrils firmly together. Sitting slightly forward helps the blood flow toward the external opening of the nose instead of backward down the throat. 2. The nostrils should be pinched firmly together for about five minutes before releasing. The victim should breathe through the mouth and spit out any blood in the mouth. 3. An ice pack may be applied to the bridge of the nose. 4. Repeat this procedure for another 10 minutes and get medical help if the bleeding does not stop. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Wounds What to Do When a Tooth is Knocked Out 1. If possible, have the victim gently insert and hold the knocked-out tooth in its socket. 2. Otherwise, place the tooth in cold milk, or in water if milk is not available. Do not touch the root of the tooth. 3. The victim should see a dentist immediately. The sooner the tooth is placed back inside the socket, the better the chance it can be saved. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Poisoning • A poison is a substance that causes injury, illness, or death if it enters the body. • Poisoning can occur when a person swallows a poison, breathes a poison, or has poison on the skin that is absorbed into the body. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • Causes of poisoning – Most cases of poisoning occur when small children swallow medicines or products, such as cleaning solutions or pesticides. – Combinations of drugs, such as alcohol and sleeping pills, can cause poisoning. – Poisoning also can occur from breathing the fumes of household products, such as glue, paint, and cleaners. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • Causes of poisoning – Products, such as pesticides and fertilizers, can cause poisoning if they get on the skin. – Poisoning can occur when a needle is used to inject drugs into the body. – Bites or stings from insects, spiders, bees, snakes, and marine life can cause poisoning. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • Warning signs of poisoning – The signs of poisoning vary with the poison, but may include difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, chest and abdominal pain, sweating, and seizures. – Skin rashes and burns on the lips or tongue also may indicate poisoning. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for poisoning – Contact your local Poison Control Center to determine whether or not to induce vomiting in the victim. – Victims who have swallowed acid substances, bleach, or gasoline products should not vomit. – Never induce vomiting in a victim who is drowsy or unconscious or who is having convulsions. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do if you touch a poisonous plant 1. Wash the affected body parts with soap and water immediately. 2. Remove any clothing that may have some of the poison on it. 3. Use over-the-counter drugs to relieve itching, if needed. 4. Call a physician if the reactions are severe. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for snakebites – Poisoning can occur from being bitten by a poisonous snake, such as a coral snake or a pit viper. – Symptoms of a bite from a poisonous snake include pain at the site of the wound, rapid pulse, dimmed vision, vomiting, and shortness of breath. – The victim may experience shock and become unconscious. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for snakebites 1. Treat for shock. 2. Keep the victim still. This will reduce the speed with which the poison can travel through the body. 3. Keep the bitten area below the level of the heart. 4. Get prompt medical care. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning Follow these steps if you suspect someone has been poisoned: • Obtain medical care immediately. • Be cautious. Protect your health and safety. Do not risk injury. • Move the victim to a safe location, if possible and if necessary. • Treat the victim for life-threatening emergencies. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning Follow these steps if you suspect someone has been poisoned: • Determine the type of poison. Ask the victim what type of poison it might be. Be on the lookout for empty bottles and containers or needles. Recognize fumes and odors that may be the cause. Are there bees, snakes, or poisonous plants in the area? Try to determine how much poison has been absorbed by the body and the time the poisoning occurred. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for insect stings – Stings from bees are one of the most common insect-related problems. – Bee stings can create a serious health problem for people who are allergic. – If the person is known to be allergic to bees, or if the swelling is severe or covers a large area of the body, call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for insect stings 1. Remove the stinger. Do not try to remove the stinger with a tweezer. The tweezer will force the bee’s venom into the body. Flick the stinger away with a nail file, fingernail, credit card, or a similar object. 2. Place something cold over the area to relieve the pain. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for spider bites – Being bitten by a black widow spider can be deadly. – A bite from this spider will produce a dull, numbing pain. – Headache, muscular weakness, vomiting, and sweating also may occur. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for spider bites 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care for the victim immediately. 2. Wash the bitten area with soap and water. 3. Apply ice to relieve the pain. 4. Get prompt medical help. An antivenin may be given. An antivenin is a medicine that reduces the effects of the poison. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for spider bites – A bite from the brown recluse spider also is dangerous. – A bite from this spider produces an open ulcer. – Chills, nausea, and vomiting may follow. 1. Wash the affected part with soap and water. 2. Get prompt medical help. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for marine animal stings – Stings from marine animals, such as the stingray, sea urchin, spiny fish, jellyfish, sea anemone, or man-of-war can cause serious allergic reactions. – Breathing difficulties, heart problems, and paralysis may result. – Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • Stings from a stingray, sea urchin, or spiny fish: 1. Remove the victim from the water as soon as possible. 2. Remove the stingray, sea urchin, or spiny fish. 3. Flush the injured area with water. 4. Do not move the injured part. 5. Soak the injured area in hot water for 30 minutes to relieve pain. 6. Clean the injured area and apply a bandage. 7. Seek medical attention. A tetanus shot may be required. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • Stings from a jellyfish, sea anemone, or man-of-war: 1. Remove the victim from the water as soon as possible. 2. Soak the injured area in vinegar as soon as possible. Vinegar offsets the effects of the toxin from the sting. Rubbing alcohol or baking soda can be used if vinegar is not available. 3. Do not rub the wound. Rubbing spreads the toxin and increases pain. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning • What to do for tick bites – A tick is an insect that attaches itself to any warm-blooded animal and feeds on the blood of the animal. – Lyme disease is a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick. – Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a potentially lifethreatening disease carried by a tick. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning How to Remove a Tick A tick should always be removed from the body. • Grasp the tick with tweezers as close to the skin as possible. Use a glove or plastic wrap to protect your fingers if you do not have tweezers. • Pull the tick slowly away from the skin. • Wash the area and your hands with soap and water. • Apply an antibiotic ointment or antiseptic to the area to prevent infection. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

First Aid for Poisoning How to Remove a Tick A tick should always be removed from the body. • Save the tick in a jar and watch for signs of infection for the next several weeks. • Obtain medical help if the tick cannot be removed or if part of it remains under the skin. Medical help also is needed if signs of Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever develop. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Stroke • A stroke is a condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain. • A stroke can occur when a clot moves through the bloodstream and lodges in the brain. • A clot can form inside one of the arteries in the brain, or a blood vessel in the brain can burst. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About First Aid for Stroke • The damage that occurs during a stroke depends on the part of the brain that is affected. • A victim may suffer loss of vision, become paralyzed, or have slurred speech as a result of a stroke. • Sometimes blood cannot flow to the parts of the brain that control heart rate or breathing, and death results. • To prevent disability and death, prompt action must be taken when there are signs of stroke. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About First Aid for Stroke • First aid for stroke involves these steps: 1. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care for the victim immediately. 2. Keep the victim lying down with his or head and shoulders raised to relieve the force of blood on the brain. 3. Check the airway. Keep the victim’s air passage open. 4. Position the victim on his or her side if there is fluid or vomit in the mouth. 5. Do not give the victim anything to drink. 6. Comfort the victim until help arrives. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

What to Know About First Aid for Stroke Warning Signs A stroke victim may be conscious or unconscious. The warning signs of a stroke include: • slowed breathing rate • paralysis on one side of the body • unequal size of pupils in the eyes • blurred vision • slurred speech Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information. • complaints of severe headache

7 F, 12 A Study Guide 1. Match the following terms and definitions. ___ abrasion C ___ avulsion A ___ Rocky Mountain D spotted fever ___ stroke E ___ Lyme disease B A. a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is separated or completely torn away B. a bacterial disease transmitted through a tick C. a wound caused by the rubbing or scraping away of the skin D. a potentially life-threatening disease carried by a tick E. a condition caused by a blocked or broken blood vessel in the brain Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Study Guide 5 D, 16 B, 7 F, 12 A 2. Identify the following statements as true or false. _______ The damage that occurs during a stroke false depends on the severity of the stroke. _______ Stings from bees are one of the most true common insect-related problems. _______ A booster shot is needed every five to ten true years after the childhood series. _______ If CPR is started within 4 minutes of true collapse, a person has a 40 percent chance survival. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information. of

Study Guide 7 F, 12 A 3. Fill in the blank with the appropriate term from the lesson. A. A ______ is a wound that is produced when puncture a pointed instrument pierces the skin. B. A(n) ______ is an injury to the soft tissues closed wound under the skin. open wound C. A(n) ______ is an injury in which the skin’s surface is broken. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Study Guide 7 F, 12 A 4. What is an infection? An infection is a condition in which pathogens enter the body and multiply. Click the mouse button or press the space bar to display information.

Lesson Resources tx. healthmh. com/checking_a_victim tx. healthmh. com/CPR tx. healthmh. com/choking tx. healthmh. com/heart_attack tx. healthmh. com/rescue_breathing tx. healthmh. com/injuries tx. healthmh. com/shock tx. healthmh. com/poisoning tx. healthmh. com/study_guide

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