What word comes to mind when you think

What word comes to mind when you think of "GMO"? http: //go. ncsu. edu/gmopoll

My Background with Biotechnology BXN Cotton - 1995 Variety Post herbicides # lint/a Mike UHM BXN 47 Buctril 700 b 5. 1 a 1. 04 b BXN 47 Cotoran Bladex 718 b 5. 0 a 1. 03 b LA 887 Cotoran Bladex 822 ab 5. 2 a 1. 08 a DLP 51 Cotoran Bladex 892 a 4. 7 a 1. 08 a

My Background with Biotechnology

My Background with Biotechnology DP 458 BRR-UNT DP 458 BRR-4 lf POST & 8 lf PD

My Background with Biotechnology Flower from non-treated plant--Good pollen deposition Flower from glyphosate-treated plant-pollen deposition only on low stigma

My Background with Biotechnology Yield changes since introduction of RR cotton

My Background with Biotechnology

My Background with Biotechnology

My Background with Biotechnology

My Background with Biotechnology

My Background with Biotechnology Ø All these issues (pollination problems, bollworm control, yield drag) were addressed with improved technology and new GE varieties Ø 98% of farms in NC are family farms and good labor is a huge issue Ø Convenience is as important to farmers as the public

My Background with Biotechnology

What is a GMO? What is the difference between genetically modified organisms and genetically engineered organisms.

What is a GMO? Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia All due to mutations and genomic alterations. All required human intervention for breeding and/or selection

What is a GMO? Man has been manipulating DNA in plants and animals for millennia

What is a GMO? National Academies of Science http: //nas-sites. org/gecrops/category/events/pastevents/

What is a GMO? Recombinant DNA Ø Transgenic - a gene is moved from one non-closely related species to another Ø Cisgenic/intragenic - a gene is moved within the same species or a closely related species. Ø Subgenic - a gene is edited to amplify, delete, insert, silence or repress the gene. CRISPR - https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 pp 17 E 4 E-O 8 RNAi - is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression - - https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vh 3 -NHdjny. Q

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO? or

What is a GMO? http: //www. scotsman. com/news/professoranthony-trewavas-i-yam-convinced-gm-foodis-safe-1 -3958842

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO?

What is a GMO? What is the difference between genetically modified organisms and genetically engineered organisms? Conventional breeding/hybrids (cross between two non-clonal plants) Mutation breeding Transgenics Cisgenics Examples in common foods Almost everything Some bananas, Much corn, pears, apples, rice, cotton, soy, yams, mint, others canola, papaya Coming soon Number of genes affected 10 K-300 k, depending on species No way to assess 1 -3, few more in stacked products 1 -3, usually 1

What is a GMO? Where are they grown? http: //www. isaaa. org/resources/publications/briefs/49/infographic/pdf/B 49 -Map. Infographic-English. pdf

What crops have a GMO trait? What do the traits do and what is the benefit of these traits? GE Crops that have been commercialized in US

GE Crops that have been approved but not commercialized in US Arctic Apple Innate Potato

Rennet is a complex of enzymes produced in stomachs of ruminant mammals which is used in the production of most cheeses. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk, helping young mammals digest their mothers' milk.

Increased anti-oxidant resveratrol Decreased wine spoilage Decreased biogenic amines tart-tasting malic acid, naturally present in grape must, is converted to softer-tasting lactic acid. http: //www. wineanorak. com/GM_yeasts. htm http: //www. iflscience. com/technology/gm-yeast-couldboost-health-benefits-wine-and-reduce-hangovers

What is a GMO? What crops have a GMO trait? What do the traits do and what is the benefit of these traits?

What is a GMO? GE Crop Traits All genetically engineered crops are not created equal - Raoul Adamchak Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Herbicide tolerance - crop can withstand herbicide applications Insect tolerance - plant produces toxin to kill pest Improved nutrition – plant produces a substance of nutritive value or is changed to not produce an antinutrient Disease resistant – crop is resistant to certain disease Stress Tolerance – crop is tolerant of stress, low nutrient levels or excess nutrients Increased Storage – crop can be stored longer to avoid spoilage losses Medicinal uses – crops that produce medicines or vaccines Industrial uses – crops to make more efficient industries Toxin removal - removal or silencing of genes responsible for toxins in plants Improved Metabolism – change in metabolism to improve efficiency

GE Crop Traits Ø Ø Ø Herbicide Resistance Decreased tillage Less soil erosion CO 2 sequestration Increase soil organic matter Reduced trips through the field Less fuel use X Farmers Consumers X Environment Needy

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity Does resistance confer competitive advantage in the wild? http: //pubs. aic. ca/doi/pdf/10. 4141/cjps 2013 -129

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity http: //www. gmo-safety. eu/basic-info/359. seed-sterility. html

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity 1. Skyrocketing herbicide use Despite assurances to Congress and regulators over the last two decades that crops modified to be herbicide resistant would lead to less chemical usage, a peer-reviewed paper published last summer showed that the three major GMO crops in the U. S. – corn, soybeans, and cotton – have increased overall herbicide use by more than 527 million pounds between 1996 – 2011, compared to what it likely would have been in the absence of GMO crops. http: //www. justlabelit. org/right-to-know-center/whylabeling-makes-sense/

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton — break it down per acre and it's not so dramatic. NPR using USDA data http: //www. npr. org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillersand-gmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity Herbicide use on corn, soybeans and cotton. NPR using USDA data - http: //www. npr. org/sections/thesalt/2014/01/24/265687251/soil-weedkillers-andgmos-when-numbers-don-t-tell-the-whole-story

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer announced findings that glyphosate, the main ingredient in Monsanto’s Round. Up line of pesticides, is “probably carcinogenic to humans. ” Known carcinogens - Sunshine, ethanol in alcoholic beverages, acrylamide etc. Probable carcinogens - night shifts , wood smoke, glyphosate http: //www. geneticliteracyproject. org/2015/03/23/glyphosate-carcinogenic-independent-global-scientists-weigh-in/

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety “Animal studies show that glyphosate is not carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic. ” European Food Safety Authority “glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans. ” The U. S. EPA classified glyphosate as Group E, evidence of non-carcinogenicity in humans. The U. S. EPA does not consider glyphosate to be a human carcinogen based on studies of laboratory animals that did not produce compelling evidence of carcinogenicity. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority “The APVMA currently has no data before it suggesting that glyphosate products registered in Australia and used according to label instructions present any unacceptable risks to human health, the environment and trade …” “The weight and strength of evidence shows that glyphosate is not genotoxic, carcinogenic or neurotoxic. “ German Risk Agency “In conclusion of this re-evaluation process of the active substance glyphosate by Bf. R the available data do not show carcinogenic or mutagenic properties of glyphosate nor that glyphosate is toxic to fertility, reproduction or embryonal/fetal development in laboratory animals.

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity Agent orange was a mixture of herbicides containing 2, 4 -D and 2, 4, 5 -T. The 2, 4, 5 -T was contaminated with dioxin, not the 2, 4 -D

GE Crop Traits Herbicide Resistance Ø Ø Ø Concerns Weed resistance Gene flow to closely related species Increased herbicide usage Roundup/2, 4 -D toxicity Reduction in herbicide discovery Pest Management Science Volume 68, Issue 4, pages 505 -512, 22 DEC 2011 DOI: 10. 1002/ps. 2333 http: //onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1002/ps. 2333/full#fig 1 http: //www. ers. usda. gov/media/1424185/eib 124. pdf

GE Crop Traits Insect Resistance Decreased Insecticide Applications X Farmers Consumers X X Environment Needy

GE Crop Traits Insect Resistance Decreased Insecticide Applications U. S. Insecticide use in Corn (M lbs) of active ingredient) X Farmers Consumers X X USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Environment Needy

GE Crop Traits Insect Resistance Decreased Insecticide Applications X Farmers Consumers X X Environment Needy

GE Crop Traits Insect Resistance Advantages Limitations Decrease in broad-spectrum insecticide use on corn and cotton Need to plant refugia to slow resistance Lower fuel and labor costs for farmers Pockets of resistance are seen and require use of insecticides Solid dividends in the developing world Still requires careful scouting for secondary insects No effect on beneficials

GE Crop Traits Insect Resistance Secondary pests