What Makes Us Civilized P Political Organization P

What Makes Us Civilized?

P. • Political Organization

P. E. • Political Organization • Economy

P. E. R. • Political Organization • Economy • Religion

P. E. R. S. • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes

P. E. R. S. I. • • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology

P. E. R. S. I. A. • • • Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology Art/Architecture

Mesopotamia Land Between Two Rivers

Crossroads of Three Continents

Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent • Floods unpredictable • No natural barriers for defense • Few natural resources except reeds

Sumerians 3000 BCE

Sumerian Political Organization • Priests with religious and power – Success of crops – irrigation • Warrior kings – Defense – Dynasties • • City-states—Ur Laws Taxes Public Works – Ziggurats – Walled cities

Royal Standard of Ur What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture? Found in the royal cemetery. Depicts scenes of war and peace

Economy • Agriculture – Catastrophic floods • Irrigation • Canals – Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat • Trade – Traded—grain, cloth, crafted tools – Received—stone, wood, metal

Mesopotamian Trade From Egypt to India

Sumerian Cylinder Seals • Carved in reverse to leave a negative image. • Used as receipts and to show ownership.

Religion • • Polytheistic Goddesses Afterlife Pessimistic

Society • Social Hierarchy • • Kings, ruling family and Priests Merchants, scribes, lesser priests Peasant farmers Slaves – Captured in war – Sold self into slavery to pay off debts

Sumerian Scribes Over 500 characters— required years of schooling

Innovations • • Cuneiform Canals, dams, irrigation Mud bricked walls Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow? ? Number system based on 60 Arches, columns, ramps Ziggurat

Cuneiform Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets Earliest form of writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Metallurgy Skills What is the significance that gold could not be found within 200 miles of Mesopotamia?

Art and Architecture

Ziggurats Tallest building in the city-state Grim view of afterlife

• Babylonian – Hammurabi • Law Code

Hammurabi’s Code STELE

Hammurabi the Judge “Eye for an eye” Why are written laws important?

The Ancient Egyptians These expensive projects were part of the reason for the decline. Climatic disasters also led to decreased grain supply Slaves were not used to build these but rather peasants who did so instead of paying taxes, public works projects, or serving in the military

Satellite photo of Nile River Deserts, jungles, seas, and cataracts provided natural barriers Rich, fertile soil Source=Lake Victoria to the south Optimistic outlook Reliance on floods

Nile River “Longest River in the World” Lower Upper

Egypt: The Gift of the Nile • Canals built to connect Red Sea and Nile River • 95% of the Egyptian people live on 5% of the land Annual flooding of the Nile

The Fertile Nile Valley What can you tell about the Egyptians from the picture?

Irrigation

Menes Unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt 3000 BCE 1 st Pharaoh

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Housing Peasant Homes

Daily Life

Social Hierarchy Women could own property and succeed to the throne

Pharoahs Thutmose III Amenhotep Queen Hatshepsut “Akenaton” 1480 BCE 1370 BCE

Akenaton “First Monotheist? ” Said he was=to sun god Priests unhappy= Why?

Tutankhamen Ramses Last Pharaoh

Archaeologist Howard Carter 1922

Priestly Class

Scribe First scribes were priests

Papyrus = Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Used to make rope, mats, sandals, baskets

Champollion and the Rosetta Stone • 1799—French troops • Stone commemorates visit of Greek Ambassador—written in hieroglyphics, hieratic, and Greek

Hieroglyphics 24 letters plus 700 phonetics Literacy needed in the bureaucracy to keep the records

Gods and Goddesses Osiris God of underworld Isis Horus

Book of the Dead A collection of hymns as a guide to the afterlife. Anubis weighs heart against feather

The Final Judgment Osiris, Anubis, Horus

Trade Routes Nile, Canals to Red Sea, Overland

Innovations Medical texts Hieroglyphics Math based on units of ten Astronomy

Hittites Beginning of Iron Age origin in present day Turkey 1900 BCE-1193 BCE Spoke wheeled chariots Iron Weapons

The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

Citadel of Mohenjo-Daro Grid layout

Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro

pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

Public Well, Harappa

Unicorn Seal, Harappa

Burial Pottery, Harappa

Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

China’s History

Shang Dynasty 1700 -1027 BCE Huang He River

Oracle Bones

Zhou 1028 -771 BCE

Mandate of Heaven The Zhou justified taking over from the Shang by saying that they had lost divine approval to rule

Zhou Dynasty 1029 -258 BCE • • Leaders/Traits Walled cities Trade routes between cities Mandate of Heaven Feudalism Philosophy • Daoism – Laozi – 500’s BCE • Confucianism – – Mencius Analects Chaotic government 522 BCE