What Just Happened Was what I just did

What Just Happened? • Was what I just did fair? What type of justice is that? • Can you think of any examples, whether from your life or from history, of leaders or governments restricting rights of citizens in the name of national security?

The Cold War Picks Up Steam Rise of Mc. Carthyism in the United States

Red Scare and Mass Hysteria • First Red Scare marked by fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events, real events such as the Russian Revolution as well as the publicly stated goal of a worldwide communist revolution • Attorney General Palmer: led Palmer Raids against suspected anarchists and communists, rounded them up and arrested them

How To Spot A Communist • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Sk. Yl_AH-qyk

Joseph Mc. Carthy • Republican Senator from Wisconsin • WWII vet who wants to make a name for himself • Elected in 1946 to the Senate • By 1950 his name was not attached to anything really significant

Wheeling Speech • Feb. 9 1950 • Wheeling West VA • Claimed that he had a list of 205 members of the Communist party in the State Dept. • Attacks Truman’s administration • Called Sec. Of State Dean Acheson “Red Dean”

“Enemies From Within” • “Today we are engaged in a final, all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity. The modern champions of communism have selected this as the time, and ladies and gentlemen, the chips are down—they are truly down” • “This indicates the swiftness of the tempo of Communist victories and American defeats in the cold war. As one of our outstanding historical figures once said, “When a great democracy is destroyed, it will not be from enemies from without, but rather because of enemies from within. ” • “The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores. . . but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation” • “I have here in my hand a list of 205. . . a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department”

Mc. Carthy’s List • Mc. Carthy REFUSES to give names after speech • A few days later, Mc. Carthy (drunk) says to reporters: • “I’m not going to tell you anything. I just want you to know I’ve got a painful of dirt. And I’m going to use it where it does me the most good. ” • Some were communists, other were alcoholics or homosexuals • Many of those people were cleared or resigned from positions

Letter From Mc. Carthy to President Truman

Response From President Truman

National Security in the Cold War Era • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Made in 1945 • Set up to investigate fascist and communist factions in America • Had unlimited power to subpoena people and force them to testify • 1 MILLION FILES by 1949

Executive Order 9835 • March 1947 • Established the Federal Loyalty Program • Prohibited Communists/Fascists • Included extensive background checks • Could dismiss employees at ANY time if there were suspicions of their loyalty to the US Results: • Led to 500 dismissals • 6000 people resign from jobs • Later included homosexuals as potential security risks • Thought they could be persuaded by enemy • NOT any proof to many of the claims

Loyalty Oaths • Many state/local gov’ts made employees sign oaths saying they were not members of ANY subversive organization • Truman makes Federal employees do the same • Attorney Gen Tom Clark comes up with a list of the subversive groups

Walt Disney Testifies Before HUAC • We will read portions of the testimony of Walt Disney before the House Un-American Committee • While reading think about: • Why would HUAC want someone of Walt Disney’s stature to testify before them and give them information on suspected communists? Can Disney’s testimony be trusted? • What type of questions are the committee asking Disney? What is the purpose of these questions the committee is asking? • Did Walt Disney forfeit any civil rights/liberties when cooperating with the interrogation? If so how does he forfeit his rights and what rights is he forfeiting?

th 5 Amendment "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. ”

5 th Amendment 1. What is your 5 th Amendment right? What are the different parts of the amendment? 2. What does it and doesn’t it pertain to? 3. What is the relation between the 5 th amendment and Mc. Carthyism & the HUAC interrogations? 4. What other rights could these trials have

Period of Mc. Carthyism • • • Government Committee on the Operations of Senate Mc. Carthy reelected in 1953 Made chair of Govt. Committee on the Operations of the Senate In the next two years he questions a large number of people about political pasts The only way to remove the stain to your name was to reveal the names of other communists • Mc. Carthyism is the name given to the entire campaign to find/remove communists from government and to silence the critics of the Cold War • WHY do people believe them? • Fear of communism, people looking for end to chaos, suspicion, feared Mc. Carthy himself

Cases • Alger Hiss • Rosenberg’s • Both cases were focused on accused spies for the Soviet Union living in the United States

Alger Hiss & the Case • Aug. 1948 • Wittaker Chambers (editor of Time and a former communist) accuses Hiss of being a Communist party leader and spy • This case will be the inspiration to Mc. Carthyism • Alger Hiss • Was a member of FDR’s state dept. • Was FDR’s advisor at Yalta • Organized UN meetings in San Francisco • Hiss denies all charges, and denies knowing Chambers • HUAC wants to drop case, but Nixon wants to know who is lying • Hiss or Chambers!?

Alger Hiss • • • Hiss sued Chambers for libel This could ruin his political career Chambers asks for proof Investigators are taken to a pumpkin patch At the patch, four rolls of film w/documents from the State Dept, War Dept and Navy Dept. are found in a hollowed out pumpkin • July 1949: convicted of perjury (for denying he knew Chambers) and is jailed • Continues to proclaim his innocence • By 1987, the Soviet says he hadn’t been a spy https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=On. CC 2 g. Ym. AMk https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Mm. IITOah. KVM

Rosenberg Case • 1950: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg arrested on charges of conspiracy to transmit atomic info to Soviets • Case was based on information by the alleged accomplices • Had a language barrier • Executed June 1953 • Maintained innocence https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=B 33 o. E 73 t. PUo

Mc. Carthy Continues the Investigation • Used his position to investigate people • Member of gov’t are sick of Mc. Carthy, want him OUT!

Army-Mc. Carthy Hearings • Covered by ABC (20 million Viewers) • Why hold the Hearings? • Thought the Army had Communists! • G. David Schine had info about specific army officials engaged in communist activities • Mc. Carthy was definitely under the influence • Slurred throughout the speech, outbursts, insults witnesses https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. JHsur 3 Hqc. I

“Have You No Decency? ” • Mc. Carthy accuses a member of the army’s counsel as being communist • HE HAS GONE TOO FAR • Joe Welsh army attorney asks Mc. Carthy to names NOW • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=K 1 e. A 5 b. Uz. Vj. A

Mc. Carthy’s Censure • Dec. 1954 • Senate votes to censure Mc. Carthy’s actions • Behavior was unbecoming to a member of the Senate • Lost his Chairmanship • People no longer listen to him

Edward R. Murrow and CBS • Devoted an entire episode of his CBS program "See it Now" to the words and deeds of Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy • Using Mc. Carthy's own statements, Murrow painted a picture of a man whose recklessness with the truth and ugly attacks on his critics had contributed to a climate of deep fear and repression in American life • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Emk. MNYHY

Effects and Consequences of Mc. Carthyism • When Mc. Carthy starts, conformity reigns supreme! • Thousands of lives/careers are RUINED • Nation felt embarrassed • Americans begin to reassess the fear of communism by the end of the 50 s • Begin to question • African Americans quest for Human Right dissolved to Civil Rights • Entertainment Industry • Hollywood Ten • 1950 American 16 mm short documentary film. In the film, each member of the Hollywood Ten made a short speech denouncing Mc. Carthyism and the Hollywood blacklisting • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=taan c. Rc. LQ 8 o