What is Urbanisation Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation in
What is Urbanisation? Consequences of Rapid Urbanisation in LIDCs This is an increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time, more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. Although there are lots of opportunities in urban areas, the rapid growth can place many pressures that causes various problems. Settlement Hierarchies If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size and shape, the result is settlement hierarchy. Key Characteristics of Settlement Hierarchy. • The number of services that a settlement provides increases with settlement size. • Small settlements will only provide low-order services such as a post offices. • Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller ones. • The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it. Rubbish may not be collected. Sewage and toxic waste pollutes river environments. Increased congestion produces more pollution. • • Little official housing available. Infrastructure struggles to support growing population. Increase in crime rates. More than two thirds of current megacities are located in either EDCs and LIDCs. The amount of megacities are predicted to increase from 28 to 41 by 2030. Lagos is a port on the coast of Nigeria. Recently the city has experienced rapid population growth with 3. 4 million extra people coming it home between 2000 and 2010. Effects of Urbanisation Economic Consequences • • May not be enough jobs – increased unemployment. Informal sector increases Little access to education and healthcare. Social • Pull • Overcrowding and pollution. • Unemployment increases. • Deindustrialisation of centre. • Traffic congestion increases CO². • • • Green spaces & family friendly. New modern housing estates. • Improved public transport. • Rents cheaper on outskirts. • • Urban Futures • Push Overcrowding and pollution. • Unemployment increases. • Deindustrialisation of centre. • Traffic congestion. • • Natural disasters War and Conflict • Mechanisation • Drought • • More Jobs Better education & healthcare • Increased quality of life. • Following family members. • • Green spaces & family friendly. New modern housing estates. • Improved public transport. • Rents cheaper on outskirts. Consequences of Suburbanisation Environmental Consequences • • • Push • • Pull • The movement of people from rural to urban areas. • Large scale traffic issues. Slums such as Makoko are heavily polluted with poor sanitation. This is the movement of people back into urban areas. • Suburbanisation Causes of Urbanisation • High rate of corruption to officials. Business is limited due to poor infrastructure. Authorities removed many dwellings in slums such as Makoko. A loan of $200 from the World Bank to improve drainage and solid waste. New ideas such as the ‘floating homes and school’ have been suggested. Topic 5 Key ‘world cities’ include London, New York, Tokyo and Paris. Most are located within ACs but are now gradually expanding into EDCs, for example Moscow. • Management This is the movement of people from city centres to the outskirts. Pull Many live without electricity. High diseases rate and life expectancy low. Environmental Re-urbanisation in ACs Cities that are centres for trade and business. They hold global influence. Push Economic This is the movement of people from city centres to the outskirts. Push An urban area with over 10 million people living there. World City • • Background Counter-Urbanisation in ACs Types of Cities Megacity Social Consequences Environmental Consequences • • Rapid Urbanisation: Life in Lagos, Nigeria New housing damages countryside and habitats. Increase of cars adds air pollution. Economic Consequences • • People leaves centres and they become deserted. Unemployment increases, which leads to poverty. Social Consequences • • Offices and businesses are abandoned. Economic and ethnic segregation. Pull Lack of jobs in rural and suburban areas. Less leisure and entertainment in rural areas. Counter-urbanisation may have increased house prices. • • Redevelopment of brownfield sites with improved housing. Young people are attracted to the Universities. • People are attracted to entertainment facilities available. Consequences of Re-urbanisation Social Consequences • • • Shops and services benefit from the additional residents. Increase in tension between new and older residents. House prices in redeveloped areas increase. Schools benefit from the increase of students. More jobs and less employment within the area. Environmental Consequences • • • Redevelopment of brownfield sites improves old industrial and polluted areas Decreases pressures on greenfield areas. Could destroy urban wildlife. Economic Consequences • • • New shops and services will improve local economy. Jobs available may not be accessible to original residents. Urban tourism may increase.
Informal Housing Greenbelt Area This is housing that is built on land which does not belong to those who are building it. This may be on land that is unsuitable due to its surroundings. This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast. Internal Growth Conurbanisation Internal growth occurs when urban areas experience rapid rates of population growth. This comes as a result of a large amount of arrival of people in cities, who after finding a job, house and partner will have children. This occurs mostly in LIDCs. A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. For example: Greater Manchester includes Manchester, Bolton, Oldham, Bury and Rochdale. AC: Challenges & Opportunities for Cities: LEICESTER Case Study EDC: Challenges & Opportunities for Cities: LAGOS Case Study Location and Background Leicester is an urban area located within the United Kingdom in Europe. It is found within UK region of the East Midlands and has Nottinghamshire to the north and Northamptonshire to the south. Migration to Leicester - Leicester has one of the most diverse populations in the country - Narborough road in Leicester is the most diverse street in the UK (23 nationalities) - People in Leicester work together well there are very few problems between people - People in Leicester work together but they don’t live together - Leicester has seen the highest growth in population in 10 years after London, Manchester and Milton Keynes. - Between 2001 and 2011, the number of people went up by 47, 100 (almost 17%), from 282, 800 to 329, 900, according to the latest 2011 Census figures. City’s Importance - Leicester is important economically within the East Midlands region as its central location M 1/M 69 to the M 6 and good travel infrastructure makes it ideal for distribution industries. - Leicester is important historically within the country as the remains of King Richard III were recently discovered buried underneath a car park in Leicester city centre. - Leicester is important scientifically worldwide as the University of Leicester is recognised as a world leader in research into astrophysics. This is the main reason why Leicester was chosen as the location for the National Space centre tourist attraction. Location and Background Western Africa Coastal location – Gulf of Guinea- Atlantic ocean 21 million people Fast growing by over 500, 000 a year Previous capital city (now Abuja) way of Life City Challenges Sustainable – Park & Ride HOUSING - Nearly 120, 000 new homes needed in Leicester and Leicestershire by 2036. This works out at 4, 700 homes a year. TRANSPORT - Leicester is the 11 th most congested city in the UK. Journey times increase by 87% during morning and evening rush hour SERVICES -Schools -The proposed £ 45 million expansion of 8 schools, will create 2, 500 extra places across the city – Hospitals – LRI currently being expanded to cope with increase demand INEQUALITY – linked to education – 3 bed house Clarendon park 4 x higher than Highfields Park & ride is a Leicester sustainable initiative for reducing urban traffic congestion and air pollution is a Park and Ride car parks. This is where drivers leave their cars in car parks on the outskirts of a city and travel to the city centre on public transport. Enderby/Gorse Meynell/Birstall sites - £ 3. 50 if single passenger in car for bus to Leicester, 4 in car or more go for £ 1 Every 15 minutes Goes via LRI + - reduces vehicles and congestion on roads + quicker journey as uses bus lanes into city +every 15 minutes -Initially not many use as price of tickets too high but now reduced -city centre car parks are from £ 3. 50 a day -full at peak times Urbanisation growth rate in Lagos is 18. 6% 96% people arriving in Lagos come from within Nigeria- RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (incomes are 4 times higher in city) Smallest city in terms of land area, largest city in the country – over 20 Million Growth rate: 500, 000 per year, 3. 4 million between 2000 -2010 People move to Lagos from other countries: 29% from Benin/ 22% from Ghana/ 16% from Mali Some immigrants come from the UK, USA, or China, However, international immigrants only make up 0. 7% of Lagos’ population Ways of life Ethnicity - Since 2000 there has also been a sharp increase of Polish Migrants. 7000 polish people have settled in Leicester since 2000. Leicester already has polish migrants who arrived after WW 2. But this new influx has created further diversity in Leicester Housing - Housing in richer areas tends to be larger housing with gardens e. g. Evington, Stoneygate In poorer area such as inner city areas housing tends to be terraced or higher density e. g. St Matthews, Highfields, football stadium. Culture - Indian culture – Melton Road where you find authentic shops and restaurants. Melton Road is also home to the city’s Diwali celebrations – the largest outside India and well worth getting involved in. The area has largest concentration of Indian jewellery shops outside India. It has authentic sweetmeat shops, restaurants, chaat houses and lassi bars, offering some of the finest Indian cuisine. Festivals – Caribbean carnival/Diwali Historical – Richard III City’s growth Consumption ‘Lagos consumes N 1. 6 bn worth of cattle daily’ Nigerians' love of champagne - consumption in the west African country will reach 1. 1 million litres by 2017 Ethnicity 250 ethnic groups 67% speak Yoruba Other inhabitants are non. Yoruba speaking Nigerians, other Africans plus international Way of Life Housing Leisure/Culture 9 Thousand millionaires Variety of housing for wealthy – old colonial style, mansions, gated communities on Banana island (very rich) 2/3 live in slums /squatter settlements Nollywood films Music- Afro beat/Afro hip-hop (Bracket) Shopping- street vendors / markets/ westernised shopping malls on Lagos island Street parties/pool parties/nightclubbing Festivals City Challenges Sustainable - recycling SHANTY TOWNS - 60% people live in squatter settlements (biggest is Makoko- floating city) The population estimates vary widely, from 40, 000 to as much as 300, 000. Communal toilets (shared by 15 households) High crime levels (controlled by gangs called ‘area boys’ Life revolves around the water with people living, working and shopping on small row boats WASTE DISPOSAL 0. 65 kg waste person per day 10000 metric tonnes of waste a day in the city Issues with waste are the biggest cause of disease- the biggest childhood killers- pandemics such as cholera, diarrheal diseases and malaria are due to the waste but are easily preventable INFORMAL JOBS Accounts for 60 -80% jobs Worth $125 Billion of 2/3 of Lagos’ GDP Financed by the World bank – collecting waste from food markets and turning into compost – reduced methane creation and is turned into a useful product for fertilising farms/fields Ikosi fruit market is harnessing the waste methane product from rotting fruit and burning the methane to generate electricity – this same idea is beginning to be used also at Olusosun landfill where pipes are fitted into rubbish to collect methane to burn Wecyclers- collect between 500 kg to 1 tonne recycling a day Collect 525 tonnes of waste recycling which provides income for 3400 families in a year
- Slides: 2