What is seed Pathology Seed Pathology Seed Pathology

What is seed Pathology • Seed • Pathology • Seed Pathology

Seed Anatomy External Monocot Dicot Internal Monocot Dicot

Seed Anatomy Dicotyledonous Seed coat Embryo Axis Micropile Testa Hilum Tegmen Cotyledon Plumule Radicle

Seed Anatomy Monocotyledonous Seed Pericarp fused with seed coat Micropile Endosperm Testa Hilum Embryo Axis Tegmen Cotyledon Plumule Radicle

Scope and areas of seed Pathology • Economically valuable seeds • Seed store for the next season • Producing good quality seeds

Seed Science Plant Pathology Seed Technology Seed Pathology Seed Morphology Seed Architecture Seed Size and shape Seed Production Seed Quarantine Seed Trade and business Seed Marketing Seed Quality Seed Breeding Seed Disease Seed Borne plant disease Seed Mycology Seed Bacteriology Seed Nematology Seed Virology Seed Disease resistance Seed Epidemiology Seed Disease management Technology Seed Agronomy Seed Marketing Seed Business Seed Trading Seed Agrl. Engineering

Seed Diseases Seed Borne Pathogen Biogenic Physiogenic Seed Transmitted Pathogen Seed Borne Plant Diseases • Significance To ensure the healthy seed production To protect the yield loss due to the different seed diseases To ensure which condition is best for seed store by the avoiding seed pathogens

Importance of Seed Diseases Biogenic • • • Seed abortion Seed rot Seed shriveled Seed discoloration Seed necrosis Physiogenic • • Nutrient deficiencies Effect of Temperature Effect of relative humidity Effect of chemical/Pesticides or fertilizer

Mechanism of seed transmission Seed Vehicle Suscepts Seed Transmission

Seed to plant to seed • Vascular connection through funiculus between seed and the mother plant • Pollination, fertilization and formation of seed • Direct penetration • Contamination

Seed standard • • • Seed quality Quality seed Seed health standard Field health standard

Significance or advantages of seed health standard • A considerable amount of seed fungicide will be saved • Provides information regarding the advisability of seed treatment or field spray • Provide the cheapest and the most effective way to crop losses due to seed borne diseases • Reduces the chance of an epidemic diseases • Essential for seed certification program • Assures the farmers of a good strength and highly productive yield

How to fixed the seed standard • • Field level experiment Site selection Maintain quality seed Grain crop must be avoided Maintain field health standard Maintain physiological maturity Diagnosis the level of infection

What is the importance of seed selection? When we grow plants in fields, it is easy to find that the seeds are looks totally different even on the same tree. When plants grow under a satisfy condition which means they could get enough water and sunlight they can enter the flowering period and fruiting period on time. They can produce seeds with high quality with high stress resistance. However, when the plants are under stress like drought and flooding , they cannot live in a normal way like before. The nutrition they keep in the body is limited. They will finish their life cycle quickly than before. Because they want to produce seeds more earlier before they die. The seeds from these plants are smaller and unhealthier. At the same time, the germination rate is relatively low. The quality of the seeds will affect the amount and quality of crops definitely. If we have done the selection work, we can choose healthy seeds to make sure the first step to get a good new generation.

SEED VIABILITY AND VIGOUR Viability A viable seed is one which is capable of germination under suitable conditions. The definition includes dormant but viable seeds, in which case the dormancy must be broken before viability can be measured by germination. A non-viable seed, therefore, is one which fails to germinate even under optimal conditions, including treatments for the removal of dormancy. The practical definition of viability depends upon the context in which it is used; for example, to the ecologist, viability implies the ability of the seed to germinate and the ability of the seedling to establish itself in the environment in which the seed finds itself. However, when seeds are utilized, to produce a crop, for example, then viability is a measure of the suitability of the seed batch to produce a satisfactory crop.