WHAT IS RESEARCH By Dr Satyendra Kishor Mishra

WHAT IS RESEARCH By. Dr. Satyendra Kishor Mishra Reader & Head, School of Studies in Economics Vikram University , Ujjain (MP)

WHAT IS RESEARCH? अनसध न कय ह ? It is a formal process of studying any problem by using scientific approach. अनसध न एक क स समसय क वजञ न क उप गम स अधययन करन क परकर य ह । Research is simply putting curiosity into question form, doing process systematically and satisfying the curiosity of researcher. श ध क अरथ ज जञ स ओ क परशन क रप म पर वरत त करन तथ श धकरत ओ क ज जञ स ओ क श त करन ह।

STEPS OF RESEARCH (श ध क स प न ( Selection and definition of problem समसय ओ क चयन एव पर भ ष करण Ø Execution of research procedures श ध परकर य ओ क कर य नवयन Ø Analysis of data परदतत क व शलषण Ø Drawing and Stating Conclusion न षकरष Ø

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH § Degree of applicability and generalization of research न ह त रथ एव स म नय करण क आध र पर § Basic VS Applied मलभत - अनपरय ग तमक § Approach to Inquiry जञ न अरजन क § Qualitative VS Quantitative गण तमक – म तर तमक उप गम

TYPES OF RESEARCH Ø Ø Basic Research- Basic Research is conducted solely for the development of theory and its refinement. It is basically a scientific research which are conducted in laboratory conditions. मलभत श ध - मलभत श ध कवल स दध त क व क स व उसक पर म रजन हत क ए ज त ह । इस परक र क श ध मखय रप स वजञ न क अनसध न क तरह ह ज क परय गश ल ओ म क ए ज त ह । Applied Research – Applied research as its name suggests it is a research this type of research is conducted for the purpose of applying , testing and evaluating theory. अनपरय ग तमक श ध – जस क इसक न म स पर लकष त ह क इस परक र क श ध क उददशय क नह स दध त क अनपरय ग , ज च तथ मलय कन ह ।

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH गण तमक एव म तर तमक श ध म अतर Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research कस ट गण तमक श ध म तर तमक श ध Purpose उदशय Insight/understanding समझ Explain , predict , control वय खय , परव नम न तथ न यतरण Approach to Inquiry ख ज क उपग म Inductive, Subjective Holistic and Process Oriented आगमन तमक , वयकत परक , सपरण तमक तथ परकर य कनदर त Deductive, Objective and Product Oriented न गमन तमक , उदशयपरक , तथ उतप द कनदर त Hypotheses पर कलपन Tentative, Evolving and Particular व क सश ल तथ कनदर त Specific, Testable, Stated prior to study व श षट , ज चन य गय तथ परव म न रध र त Review परव श ध क अधययन Limited स म त Extensive गहन

CONTD…. Criteria कस ट Qualitative Research गण तमक श ध Quantitative Research म तर तमक श ध Research setting श ध वयवसथ Naturalistic पर कत क Controlled न यतर त Sampling नय दरश Purposive उदशयपरक Random य दचछ क Measurement म पन Non standardized अम नक कत Standardized म नक कत Design and Method पर कलप तथ व ध Flexible लच ल • Historical ऐत ह स क • Ethnographic • Case Study वयकत अधययन Structured सरच त • Descriptive व वरण तमक • Co rrelational सहसबध तमक • Causal – Comparative क रण – तलन तमक • Experimental परय ग तमक

CONTD…. . Criteria कस ट Qualitative Research गण तमक श ध Data Collection परदतत सकलन Participative, सहभ ग Unstructured, असरच त Extensive गहन Quantitative Research म तर तमक श ध Data Analysis परदतत व शलषण Synthesis of words शबद क शशलषण Statistics स ख य क Data Interpretation परदतत क वय खय Tentative अस म नय कत Generalization स म नय कत Trends ध र Implicative न ह त रथक Replicative द हर न य गय Non Participative, असहभ ग Structured, सरच त Tests and Questionnaire पर कषण एव परशन वल

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH § § Descriptive Research) व वरण तमक श ध ( Correlation Research) सहसबध तमक श ध ( Causal-Comparative Research )क रय क रण सबध तमक श ध ( Experimental Research) परय ग तमक श ध (

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH व वरण तमक श ध Descriptive research describes WHAT IS? व वरण तमक श ध कय ह क वरणन करत ह । It is concerned with conditions or relationships that exist, opinion that help , processes that are going on , effects that are evident or trends that are developing. It describe , analyze, record and interpret conditions that exist. यह उन पर सथ त य य समबनध , र य , परकर य ओ परभ व स सबनध त ह ज क व कस त ह रह ह । यह पर सथ त य क वरणन , व शलषण , अकन तथ वयखय करत ह ज अभ असत तव म ह । यह श ध उन चर स सबनध त ह ज नक न यतर त नह क य ज सकत ह । It involves comparison, contrast and attempts to discover relationship between existing NONMANIPULATIVE

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH § Compilation of information bulletin on Academic programmes of Teaching Departments of University. § Developmental trend of Selected Cognitive variables Among students of IX and XI studying science. § Study of Job satisfaction of Security Personal in relation to Job stressors and Role commitment.

CO-RELATIONAL RESEARCH Co-relational Research attempts to determine whether and to what extent a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables. BUT CORELATIONAL RESEARCH NEVER ESTABLISHES CAUSE –EFFECT RELATIONSHIP ONLY RELATIONSHIP example – result is that there is a high degree of relationship between no of years of schooling and income but it cannot be concluded that stay in school longer will increase income. Ex. Relationship between Intelligence and Self Esteem Relationship between Anxiety and Achievement

CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Causal- Comparative research is a research of studying the cause of any phenomena without manipulating the independent variable Independent variables in causal comparative research cannot be manipulated. v Ex. Effect of pre-school attendance on social maturity at the end of the first grade. v Ex. Effect of having working mother on school absenteeism.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH § § Experimental Research – Experimental Research refers to such research in which an independent variable is manipulated. In other words the cause of the studied phenomena is manipulated. Thus it implies two words control and manipulation. Ex. Effectiveness of personalized instruction on computational skills Ex. Effect of open book examination system with discussion on achievement

SURVEY RESEARCH § § § A survey is an attempt to collect data from the members of a population in order to determine the current status with respect to some variable. It is a type of self report research studies. Survey may be of two nature- sample survey and census. Other than this there are many types of surveys like-

CONTD…. § Cross Sectional Survey. Information is collected at one point of time. § Longitudinal Survey. Data are collected at different point of time in order to study changes a. Trend- population is sampled at each data collection point of time. b. Cohort – a specific population is followed over a period of time. c. Panel – selects sample and same sample is studied at subsequent point of time. § Delphi Technique. Delphi technique is used to reach at consensus on any issue

TRIGGERS OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Current status is studied. Ø Reports the things as they are. Ø No manipulation in variable. Ø No decision about who will receive the treatment. Ø No prior arrangement for the events. Ø Data is generally collected through self report. Ø

PRECAUTIONS FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH व वरण तमक श ध म स वध न य Sample selection -नय दरश Ø Data collection - परदतत Ø क क चयन सकलन

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