What is once well done is done forever

“What is once well done is done forever. ” Henry David Thoreau 10. 15. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. Who was Jesus historically? 2. How did Constantine change Europe? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I describe life in the Middle East?

Middle East • (600 AD) The Middle East had seen many empires come and go, and parts had been ruled by Greece and Rome for a long time. There was a severe lack of unification. • Multiple people lived outside of the control of any dominant civilization, and in tribes. Bedouins. These families fought with each other frequently for necessities. • Some families began to relocate near oases, creating towns. Europe, India, China, and Africa were beginning to trade heavily, and the Middle East was right in the middle. Christian and Judaism monotheism was familiar.

“Whatever you are, be a good one. ” Abraham Lincoln 10. 18. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. Who are Bedouins? 2. How did life change for people that lived in the Middle East? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I summarize the life of Muhammed and explain the Five Pillars?

Muhammed • 1 Muhammed was raised by his grandfather and uncle in Mecca, received little schooling, and 2 worked in business for a long time, marrying one of his partners. • At one point, 3 Muhammed believed that he was spoken by the angel, Gabriel, and that he would be the last of God’s prophets. 4 He began to go around the Middle East telling people that they should only worship God. 5 Many disagreed with him and attacked his followers. Hijrah-Muhammad left to the city Medina. • 6 Muhammad gained many followers in the city of Medina and led different people there. • 7 Muhammad led Medina in a war against Mecca eventually lost. 8 Many were forced to become Muslims. The Middle East was becoming unified by Islam. Muhammed raised by Gpa and Uncle in Mecca Worked in Business and married a business partner

• Principles of Islam The five core beliefs or pillars of Islam are Faith (dedication to God), Prayer (Muslims pray five times a day), Alms (give to those less fortunate than yourself), Fasting (during the month of Ramadan must not eat between sunrise and sunset), and Pilgrimage (if capable, Muslims should go to Mecca).

1. Where Was Muhammed born? 2. What was Muhammed’s background before he became the prophet? 3. Why did the Hijrah happen? 4. What were the effects of the Hijrah? 5. List the Five Pillars.

“Whatever you are, be a good one. ” Abraham Lincoln 10. 18. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. What was the Hijrah? 2. Name two of the five pillars of Islam? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I explain how Islam expanded and united the Middle East?

• Islam after Muhammed The account of what Gabriel told Muhammed is written down in the Qur'an. Arabic was the official language of the book, and many people learned it because of this which further united the people. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity worship the same God, but Muslims view Jesus as a prophet; not as a savior. • After Muhammed’s death, Abu-Bakr was chosen to be the caliph or successor. Some abandoned Islam, refused to pay taxes, or declare themselves leaders. • Bakr waged a war to keep the Middle East united and then expanded the empire.

• Islamic Victory Muslims quickly conquered a lot of territory and spread their faith. People believed that they won these victories because God was on their side. • There were two big empires in the Middle East. They had weakened each other and were intolerant of people who weren’t Christians or believed in Zoroastrianism. In many places Muslims went to conquer, they were welcome because of their tolerant and equal policies. • Decline- Several Caliphs were assassinated, and the Umayyads gained power, moved the capital, and became rich and materialistic. Many didn’t like them.

1. What is the name of the Islamic Holy Book? 2. What language is it written in? 3. How does Islam view Jesus? 4. What were the effects of Muhammed’s death? 5. Why was Islam able to spread so fast? 6. Who were the Umayyads?

“Change your thoughts and you change your world. ” Norman Vincent Peale 10. 19. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. What is the name for the Islamic holy book? 2. What is one reason Islam was able to expand so rapidly? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I explain how Islam split and changed in the 8 th century and how Justinian improved Byzantine?

Islamic expansion (750 AD) • 10. Tree Map A split between Muslims occurred known as the Sunni/Shi’a split. Shi’a Muslims believe that only those that were directly descended from Muhammed should rule, and rejected the Umayyads. Sunni Muslims believed that anyone could rule, and supported the Umayyads. • 11. Multi-Flow The Shia, led by a family named Abbasid, overthrew the Sunni Umayyads. • The Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad, and controlled many trade routes. • The Muslim army conquered a huge area including parts of Europe. There was a treasury department and a department for the military which was very organized.

Continuing Roman Empi • 12. Multi-Flow Although Rome fell, causing civilization in Western Europe to take several steps backwards, the Eastern part of the Roman Empire went on for another 1000 years and was known as Byzantium. Byzantine saw themselves as continuing Rome’s legacy. • 13. Multi-Flow Justinian expanded Byzantium to almost all of Rome’s former territory, but was unable to hang on to it. Byzantium’s emperors suffered from the same violence that Rome had, but did not face as many barbarians, in part because Justinian went after them. • Justinian developed a code of laws called Justinian’s Code that were similar to the 12 tables.

1. Explain the Sunni/Shia split. 2. How did the Abbasids change the Islamic Empire? 3. Who was the most successful Eastern Roman Emperor? 4. What were the accomplishments of the above Emperor? 5. What is the name for the Eastern Roman Empire?

“Our greatest glory is not in never failing, but in rising up every time we fail. ” Ralph Waldo Emerson 10. 23. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. Who are the Abassids? 2. Who was Justinian? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I explain why Byzantine was great and why it declined?

Great Byzantine • 14 Brace-Constantinople had a fourteen mile wall to defend the city along with the sea making for a very safe city. Justinian also built one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, the Church of Hagia Sophia. He built baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, and hospitals. • Greek and Roman knowledge of the workings of the universe was preserved in the Byzantine and Islamic empire. • People were entertained in the Hippodrome by chariots, plays, gladiators, and races. There were food courts, acrobats, and musicians lining the streets. • 15 Circle-Justinian’s wife, Theodora, provided a lot of leadership and courage.

Not So Great Byzantine (650) • 16 Multi-Flow Byzantine was severely weakened through the years by the Islamic Empire. Many had become dissatisfied with Byzantine emperors and rebelled. • From 550 -700 10, 000 people died everyday from a plague. Sensing weakness, Byzantine became under attack by the Russians, Persians, and barbarians. Byzantine shrunk till the only land left was Constantinople in 1350. Many saw themselves as a more worthy successor of Rome.

1. What was the greatest city of the Eastern Roman Empire? 2. Describe daily life in Constantinople? 3. What was the name of the most influential Eastern Roman Empire Empress? 4. What was the biggest threat to the Eastern Roman Empire?

“If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door. ” Milton Berle 10. 23. 16 (WU, PPT, Group Project) 1. Describe life in Constantinople? 2. What was one of the main causes of Byzantine weakening? 3. What do you think this quote means? Agree? Can I explain why Byzantine was great and why it declined?

Russia’s Beginning (800) • 17 Multi-Flow The Slavic people were divided because different languages were spoken and the geography of the area including forests and mountains divided the people. • 18 Flow 1. The Rus Vikings explored and settled many cities in Russia, 2. took charge, and began to set up a central government. 3. The people were forced to become Christians, further uniting the country. They also built Kiev into a huge city. • 19 Multi-Flow Kiev started trading with others, built a strict legal code, a big library, churches.

Mongol Invasion • 20 Multi-Flow The Mongols invaded using horses and compound bows. They destroyed the divided Russian state, and stayed in control for 200 years. The Mongols were very tolerant, and as long as the Russians paid them, they left them alone. • The Mongols cut off Russia from the West, resulting in Russia falling behind. • 21 Flow Ivan I at first helped the Mongols by putting down major rebellions. They put him in charge of a city by three rivers called Moscow. He continued to gain lots of power. Ivan III eventually threw off Mongol rule after gaining more power.