What is Nationalism Idea of Nation and State

What is Nationalism Ø Idea of Nation and State ü ü Specific Identity Sense of Belonging Common symbols and icons Feeling of Oneness and desire for one territory Ø Rise of Indian Nationalism ü Credit goes to anti-colonial movement ü Struggled together for freedom ü Common oppressor: Bond tied different social groups Ø Contribution of Congress ( Gandhiji ) in Freedom Struggle ü Different people troubled differently ü Notion of freedom also differend ü Gandhiji: Brought different social groups together Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

World War – I & India Ø Importance of Year 1919 in Indian Freedom Struggle ü Struggle spread to new areas ü New social groups joined the struggle ü New modes of struggle developed Ø Impact of the World War – I on Freedom Struggle ü Huge increase in DEFENCCE EXPENDITURE • Custom duty was Increased and Income Tax Introduced ü How WW – I Troubled the Indian? • Prices almost doubled between 1913 – 1918 • Forced Recruitment • Acute food shortage (crops failed) in 1918 -19 and 1020 – 21 • Influenza epidemic killed 12 - 13 million people Ø British made some promises to India to get their cooperation but didn’t fulfilled them. Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

M. K. Gandhi: Idea of Satyagraha Ø Satyagraha: A Philosophy proposed by Mahatma Gandhi ü Gandhiji successfully practiced it in South Africa ü It emphasized on power of truth and search for it ü Force is not necessary to fight if: • The cause of it is true • Struggle is against injustice ü Expectation from a Satyagrahi: • Never resorts to violence • Never becomes aggressive • never seeks vengeance ü Appeal is made to the conscience of the oppressor ü People should be made to see the truth rather than force to accept it ü Gandhi Belief: Truth always triumphs Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 1) 1916: Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar ü Farmers of Champaran were forced to grow Indigo on a part of land ü Indigo cultivation was gainful for landlords but torture for tenants ü Gandhi went to Champaran and did satyagraha ü Result: • More compensation were given to farmers • Farmers were given control over farming • Cancellation of famine hike till famine is ended ü Gandhiji was given titles of Mahatma ü He was also lovingly call Bapu Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 2) 1917: Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat ü Farmers had to pay taxes ü Farmers were in trouble due to Crop failure and plague epidemic ü Demand was to decrease taxes ü Farmers didn’t pay taxes, their land property confiscated ü Farmers struggled using Non-violence and didn’t resist arrest ü Result: • Confiscated land was returned to farmers • Amount of tax was reduced • Tax was suspended for current and next year Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 3) 1918: Satyagraha for Cotton Mill Workers in Ahmedabad üs ür üD üF üF ü Result: • C • A • T Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Ø Why this Act ü Passed to control activities of the Indian against the British Ø Why Indians hated the Act ü Imperial Legislative Council passed it ü Passed in spite strong opposition of Indian members ü Clauses/Provisions of the Act: • Arrest on suspicion • Arrest without warrant • Detention for two years without trial • Imposed stricter control on press Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Ø Rawlatt Satyagraha ü Gandhiji decided to protest the act ü He decided to use non-violent civil disobedience ü It was the first large scale satryagrah ü Began on 6 th April 1919 with Hartal (strike) • Rallies were organized • Railway workshop workers went on strike • Shops closed down Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Ø Rawlatt Satyagraha: Govt. Response ü Govt. Fear: Disruption of Lines of Communication (railway, telegraph etc. ) ü Local leaders were asserted in Amritsar out of fear ü Gandhiji was debarred front entering Delhi Ø Events of April 10, 1919 and onwards ü Police fine on peaceful precession in Amritsar ü Indian attacked govt. buildings in reaction ü General Dyer was took command imposed Martial Law in Amritsar ü Martial law prohibits public gathering at any place till in force Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act 13 th April 1919: Jallianwalla Bagh Incident ØLocation and Background ü The infamous massacre took place in Amritsar, Punjab ü Jallianwala Bagh was a ground with a wall Compound ü Jallianwala Bagh had only one entrance gate ü Martial Law was in force but people were gathered in bagh ü Most of the people were not aware about the Martial Law • • • People came for morning walk People from outstation came for Baisakhi fair Some protesters came for protest Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act ØGeneral Dyer and Massacre ü General Dyer blocked the entrance ü Open fired without warning ü Fire continued till the ammunition was not exhausted ü Thousands of people died another thousands were injured ü His objective was the create “produce a moral effect” ü He wanted to create terror and awe in the Indian minds Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act ØAftermath of the Jallianwala Massacre ü Response of the Indians: • • People crowded the streets of North India Strikes were commonplace Clash between people and police Attacks on government buildings ü Reply of the Government: • • Practiced brutally repression to terrorize and humiliation Satyagrahis had to rub nose on unground, crawl on streets, salam to sahibs People were flogged Some villages were bombed Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

After the Rawlatt Act ØGandhiji learnt the lesson ü Movement failed because limited to cities and towns only ü New broad based movement was needed ü Hindu-Muslim unity must for any mass movement ü So, he collaborated with Khilafat Movement ØKHILAFAT Movement (Leader: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) ü King of Turkey was also Religious Leader (Khalifa) of Muslims in the world ü It was to defend the religious authority of the King of Turkey ü Turkey fought WW – l with Central Powers was lost ü Muslims wanted to pressurize https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com British. Isatyak not. Khanto humiliate their KHALIFA

KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION: MERGER HINDU – MUSLIM UNITY Ø Gandhiji’s wish: Hindu Muslim Unity Ø Ali Brothers approached Gandhiji Ø Gandhiji saw the opportunity to bring both community UMBRELLA OF UNIFIED NATIONAL MOVEMENT Ø September 1920, Nagpur Session of INC, Gandhi convinced Congress to launch Non-Cooperation Movement in support with Khilafat Movement Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT Ø Why Non-Cooperation Movement? ü Gandhiji gave his theory of NON-COOPERATION through “Hind Swaraj” 1909 ü Reason for British Raj in India is Cooperation from Indians. ü If India stop cooperation, British Rule would collapse just in a year Ø The Stages of the Movement ü Stage 1: Surrender of degrees and titles awarded by the British ü Stage 2: Boycott Civil Services Army Police Courts and legislative councils Schools Foreign goods ü Stage 3: Full Civil Disobedience if Govt used repressive measures Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT ØCampaign for Non-Cooperation Movement ü Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali toured extensively to mobilize public support ØRole of Congress in the Movement ü Two Views within the Congress • • Supporters: They wanted to launch the movement Reluctants: a. They didn’t want to council elections b. Movement may be violent. ü Tussle was fierce ü Congress on the verge of partition ü Nagpur Session(1920): A compromise worked out Non-Cooperation + Khilafat Movement began on January 1921 Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS Ø Popular Involvement ü Mostly middle classes form cities • Thousands of students left govt. schools and colleagues • Teachers and headmasters, too, resigned from jobs • Lawyers gave up legal practices • Council elections were elected in most of provinces • Exception: Justice Party, a non-Brahmin party, participated in elections Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS Ø Impact on British Economy ü Economically the highly disappointing for British • • • Foreign goods were boycotted Liquor shops picketed Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires ü Import of English cloth declined • Value of imported cloth reduced from 102 to 57 cores (1921 -1922) ü Merchants and trades refused to trade foreign goods ü Huge boost was recorded in production of India textile ü Textile mills and handlooms emerged in India Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Ø Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: ü The Leader: Baba Ramchandra • A Sanyasi • Had been indentured labourer in Fiji ü the movement was targeted against the Talukdars and Landlords: Why? • Demanded exorbitant high rents • Had to beg without payment • As tenant no security tenure • Regularly evicted, so no right over leased land ü Demands a. Reduction of Revenue b. Abolition of beggar c. Social boycott of oppressive landlords Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Ø Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: ü Execution • Nai-dhobi band organized • By Panchayats • Objective to deprive oppressor from these services ü Role of Nehru • In June 1920, toured Awadh and understood farmers problems • By October 1920, Set up Audh Kisan Sabha with Baba Ramchandra and others • 300 branched of Audh Kisan Sabha within a month • Audh Kisan Sabha joined next year when Non-cooperation movement started Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Ø Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: Congress Unhappy with? ? Culmination of Awadh Movement of Farmers ü Kind of movement developed that Gandhiji never accepted • Houses of Talukdars and merchants were attacked • Bazaars were looted • Grains hoard were taken over ü Rumours were spread in Gandhiji’s name q Lie: 1. Gandhiji told tax not to be paid 2. land to be redistributed ü Gandhiji’s name used to sanction all actions and aspirations Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region Ø Tribals of Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh üParticipate but interpreted Swaraj in different way üHad been Militant Guerrilla Movement üWhy Gudem tribals participated in the movement? • Large forest areas were closed • Grazing cattle were prohibited • Collecting firewood and fruits were prohibited üFelt not only lost livelihood but traditional rights üImmediate Cause of Revolt • Forced Begar for road construction Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region Ø Leadership of Gudem Hills Revolt üAlluri Sitaram Raju emerged as leader • • Claimed to have magical powers Could make correct astrological prediction Heal people Could survive the bullet shots üPeople belief: Incarnation of God üRaju-Strong supporter of Gandhi- His teachings • Proved greatness of Gandhiji • Persuaded to participate in non-cooperation and wear khadi • Asked people to refrain form evils like drinking and gambling Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region Ø Raju different from Gandhiji üSwaraj can be achieved only by force not by non-violence Ø Actions of Tribals of Gudem hills ü Attacked police stations ü Attempted to kill British officials ü Carried on guerrilla warfare for swaraj Ø Arrested and executed in 1924 Ø Later became a hero in folklore Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PLANTATION Ø Condition of Plantation Workers (Assam) ü Workers were confined in plantations ü Inland Immigration Act: Couldn’t move out of plantation without permission Ø Meaning of Swaraj for Plantation Workers ü Freedom to move freely in and out of enclosed plantation ü Permission to maintain link with their land people ØWhen heart of the Movement… ü Defied the authorities → left plantation → headed homewards ü Belief: Gandhi Raj → land for everyone in his village ØEnd of Non-cooperation in Plantation ü Due to Strike in Railway, they couldn’t reach home ü Arrested and taken back to plantation like slaves Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ ØCongress didn’t define the vision of Swaraj ØDifferent groups interpreted in different ways ØSwaraj was seen as end of all of their troubles ØAbove all, even rural and tribal groups became the part of a National Movement for the first time Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

TOWARDS THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline

NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ Ø Background üSome Congress leaders fed up of mass movements üGovt. of India Act (1919) provisioned for provincial election üMotilal Nehru, C. R. Das wanted to participate in Provincial Elections • Wanted to oppose British policies from within • Argue for reform • Expose undemocratic nature of English assembly Isatyak Khan https//: khansirblog. wordpress. com Isatyak Khan You. Tube Channel: khansironline