What is Loess What was the European climate

• What is Loess? • What was the European climate like during the last glacial maximum? • How did the 19 th century scientists know there were ice ages? • How much lower was sea level at the last glacial maximum? • Deglaciation started about how long ago? • Was deglaciation constant since the last maximum? • What was the younger Dryas? • What caused the Younger Dryas?

• What happens to bedrock when continental glaciers melt? • What caused the channeled scablands? • How did glacial melting lead to the formation of the English Channel? • How does the latent heat effect the melting of ice sheets? • How does melting and sea level rise lead to rapid deglaciation? • The motion of glaciers is a function of what? • How does the coefficient of friction vary with the temperature of ice? • Rapid deglaciation and ice sheet collapse produces large numbers of what?

• Insolation peaked about 9000 years ago. How did that effect monsoons? • How did the northern limit of forests respond to climate changes? • Is the Sun’s output constant? • What is the relationship between ice volume and greenhouse gases? • Where did the CO 2 go during the ice age? • What effect does the monsoon cycle have on methane?

• Why is there agriculture? • How did ancient peoples cause deforestation? • When did methane start to rise during our interglacial? • What happened in Australia, America, and Madagascar within a few thousand years of the appearance of humans? • Why is the medieval warm period associated with the rise of the Vikings. • What do tree rings tell you about climate? And what are the problems associated with them? • What was the Little Ice Age?

• How did preindustrial human activity increase greenhouse gases? • What are the limits on preindustrial human greenhouse inputs? • What was the population of the Americas when Columbus arrived? • Why did the Native American population collapse? • What is the Columbian Exchange? • What is Dr. Britt’s theory of the cause of the little ice age? • The industrial revolution started in England in the 1780 s and in the US in the 1820 s, but CO 2 did not significantly increase until the 1850 s, why?

• Why does the bedrock in Sweden rise and the bedrock in Holland sink? • What happens to the ocean basins when you melt glaciers and increase the depth of the oceans? • What happens to water when it warms up? • Name some non-instrumental temperature indicators. • What things effect short-term climate? • How do volcanoes effect climate and what time frame is the effect? • What is the “year without a summer”? • What are the factors that effect sea level? • We passed the natural interglacial range for CO 2 about when? For methane? • What is the annual input of atmospheric carbon from all fossil sources?

• How much carbon comes from all volcanoes? • Where does the extra carbon go once it is in the atmosphere? • What are brown clouds and what are their effects? • What are the factors that effect short-term climate? • How does warming effect the oceans? • How does warming effect the permafrost? • What would a 2 X CO 2 world be like? • What would a 4 X CO 2 world be like?