What is grammar Grammar is a set of

What is grammar? Grammar is a set of rules for organising words into sentences. Each word has its own job to do, and there are clear guidelines for how words work together. If you don’t follow the rule, your writing may be hard to understand. Take a look at these two sentences: We saw a huge plastic shark on the way to the beach. Can you see why this sentence could be confusing? On the way to the beach, we saw a huge plastic shark. By rearranging the words, you can make the meaning much clearer.

Identify the sentence structure building blocks: • The children were laughing. • John wanted a new bicycle. • All the girls are learning English. • She is very kind. subject + verb + object/complement

What is punctuation? Punctuation s a set of signs that are used to make writing clear. Punctuation marks divide words into groups and act as signposts, making writing easier to follow. Sentences with no punctuation can be very confusing. For example, if you saw the sign, ‘SLOW DUCKS CROSSING’, you might wonder why the ducks were slow! If you have any doubts about why punctuation matters, try comparing the sentences below: Lets eat Grandma! This sentence is missing an important comma. Lets eat, Grandma! This comma changes the meaning completely.

Nouns! Proper nouns tell you the name of one particular person, place or thing. ‘Paris’ is a proper noun because there’s only one Paris. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter. Common nouns You use a common noun when you’re not talking about a particular, unique thing. ‘Penguin’ is a common noun because there are lots of penguins. Common nouns don’t have a capital letter unless they come at the beginning of a sentence.

Are these sentences? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. the dog those books a new skateboard the smallest animal a bucket of fish a nearby hospital There is a dictionary on the shelf. I want to go home now. She slept. The determined baby was crawling towards the bright red beach ball. I am the spirit of the tree.

1. What ingredients are needed to make a sentence? • A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one independent clause, and males sense by itself. It has a subject and a verb. Eg. The wind howled. 2. What ingredients are needed to make a phrase? • A phrase is a group of words that acts together as a unit of meaning within a sentence. A phrase does not make complete sense on its own. Eg. the dog, inside the house

Look at the examples of Noun Phrases below: • The glistening snow covered the field. • I want a skate board. • Should we buy the yellow house? • Jeff rode on a skate board. • Karen lives in the yellow house. • Lisa gave the little boy a candy. Can you guess what the definition for a noun phrase would be?

Noun Phrases • Turn to page 68 of your Knowledge Quest. • Write down the definition of a Noun Phrase in your notebooks. • Complete Exercises 1 and 3. Definition: A noun phrase is a group of words that functions as a noun. Noun phrases can be short: the dog. Or they can be long: the dedicated, talented young runner from the well-known Victorian town of Beechworth

• Identify the Noun Phrase in the following sentence: • John, my friend’s neighbor, won the lottery on Tuesday. • How is this sentence different to the ones we’ve already looked at?

Noun phrases in apposition • Read the definition of a noun phrase in apposition on p. 69 of your Knowledge Quest. Write it in your notebooks. • Complete Exercises 1 and 2 Eg. a) Scuba diving, a popular sport, is sometimes dangerous because of sharks.

Adjectives (Revision) Adjectives are describing words, like ‘hungry’, ‘tall’ or ‘interesting’. They give more information about a noun or a pronoun.

What makes an adjective? Often, the adjective goes before the noun it describes. E. g. , I saw (verb) an enormous (adj) shark (noun). Sometimes, a verb separates the adjective from the noun or pronoun it describes. Then the adjective goes after the vern. E. g. , It (pronoun) looked (verb) fierce (adjective).

Adjectives give more information about …. • • • colour size amount number volume taste weight age direction silver ring tiny shed enough rain fifteen horses deafening music spicy curry heavy load old man north wind Add an adjective of your own. …………. ring. . . . shed. …………. rain. ………. . horses. ……. . …music. …………curry. …………load. …………man. …………wind.

Using adjectives to bring our writing to life. 1. The woman was beautiful. “The woman was simply dashing. Her long, thick hair fell to her waist, and her white teeth gleamed between her luscious red lips. 2. It was a hot day. 3. The house was old. 4. The ocean was nice. 5. The forest was scary.

How to order adjectives in English Generally, the adjective order in English is: 1. Quantity or number 2. Quality or opinion 3. Size 4. Age 5. Shape 6. Colour 7. Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material) 8. Purpose or qualifier Practice: http: //www. learnenglishfeelgood. com/esl_adjectiveorder 4. html

Adjectives provide more information about a situation. • The boy walked towards the castle. • The small, frightened boy felt nervous as he walked towards the gloomy, forbidding castle. Describing the boy. Describing how the boy feels. Describing the castle

Task: Each sentence contains two adjectives. Underline the adjective and circle the nouns they modify. • Stormy weather is predicted for the last race. • Several crimes occurred in the central city. • Be careful of sharp knives and pointed sticks. • Grandfather says he walked to school in his bare feet, even on cold days.

Get creative with adjectives! Write a descriptive passage using unusual and evocative adjectives in response to this photo. Consider the following details: 1. The shade/colour of the sky 2. The trees behind the house 3. The vines around the outside of the house 4. The bats above the house 5. The design of the house itself

What is an Adjectival Phrase? • Write a definition with a partner

An adjectival phrase is… A group of words that functions as an adjective to give extra information about a noun. They usually appear immediately after a noun and often begin with a preposition. Eg. ØI saw the girl in the red dress. ØStudents loitering in the quadrangle must proceed to their classrooms.

But, an adjective phrase can also be placed before, or after, the noun or pronoun in the sentence. q. It was cold, bleak, biting weather. - Charles Dickens in A Christmas Carol q. He's an extraordinary looking man, and yet I can really name nothing out of the way. - Robert Louis Stevenson in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde q“Marge, you're as pretty as Princess Leia and as smart as Yoda. " - Homer Simpson q. And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. – Edgar. Allan. Poein“The. Raven”

Adverbs & Adverbial Phrases • Adverb: A single word or expression that adds detail to a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence. Eg. He paints beautifully. She walked very slowly. They are really happy. Surprisingly, I enjoyed the party.

Adverbs tell HOW something happens: accidentally always angrily anxiously awkwardly badly blindly boastfully boldly bravely brightly cheerfully coyly crazily defiantly deftly deliberately devotedly doubtfully dramatically dutifully eagerly elegantly enormously eventually exactly faithfully finally foolishly fortunately frequently gleefully gracefully happily hastily honestly hopelessly hourly hungrily innocently inquisitively irritably jealously justly kindly lazily loosely madly merrily mortally mysteriously nervously never obediently obnoxiously occasionally often only perfectly politely poorly powerfully promptly quickly rapidly rarely regularly rudely safely seldom selfishly seriously shakily sharply silently slowly solemnly sometimes speedily sternly technically tediously

Tell Where Action Happened • • • Here There Everywhere Somewhere In Inside Underground Outside Upstairs Downstairs

Tell When Action Happened • • • • Now First Last Early Yesterday Tomorrow Today Later Regularly Often Never Monthly Always Usually

Tell the Extent of the Action • • • Very Too Almost Also Only Enough So Quite Almost Rather

Examples: What do these adverbs do? ? A. B. C. D. E. J. I absolutely refuse to stay here any longer. K. I sort of felt betrayed by you. L. You can improve on this to some extent. M. She kind of likes the movie. N. The boss almost quit his job after F. She completely rejected his proposal. that. G. I heartily endorsed the new O. I somewhat understand what you restaurant. are saying. H. I so want that new toy. P. She mildly disapproved of his actions. I. He completely understands me. I really don’t care. He literally wrecked his car. I am certain of the facts, for sure. You simply don’t understand. I so want to go to the concert.

Adverbial Phrase • A phrase that adds extra detail about what is going on in a clause or sentence. Adverb phrases function like adverbs. They can tell when, how, where, and to what extent or purpose. Adverb phrases can start with a preposition. Eg. They came too late to do any good. She sang at the concert.

More examples of adverbial phrases: • With a hammer • Next door • Before the holidays • Every month • For his mother

Find the adverbial phrases in these examples: 1. We lived in the North of Germany. 2. We decided to buy a car. 3. She went to the movie every month.

When Adverbs Look Like Prepositions If it has an object, it’s a preposition, if it doesn’t, it’s an adverb. For example: Billy ran up the stairs. Billy looked up and saw the alien spacecraft. Both sentences include the word up. We know up is often a preposition, but let’s check. Does it have an object? In the first sentence it does: stairs. Up the stairs. In the second sentence, up is being used as an adverb to modify the verb looked. It shows how or where Billy looked.

Verbs are ‘doing’ or ‘being’ words, like ‘run’, ‘eat’, or ‘live’. They change depending on the job they’re doing in a sentence.

Verb tenses Verbs have different tenses to show the different times when an action has happened. Today, you will learn how verbs change to form tenses. Present simple … shows an action that often happens or usually happens. Jordan swims every day. It is also used for general statements. Monkeys like bananas. To form the present simple, use the infinitive of the verb (see below), except when the subject of the verb is third person singular (he, she, it). Then you need to add a letter s. I sing. You sing. (infinitive with no change) He sings. (infinitive + s)

Verb tenses Verbs have different tenses to show the different times when an action has happened. Today, you will learn how verbs change to form tenses. Past simple … shows an action that has happened and was completed in the past. Amy walked home. To form the present simple, you usually add ed or d to the infinitive of the verb. Eg. jump becomes jumped and rule becomes ruled. Some irregular verbs change completely to make the past simple tense. Here are some common examples: have do give go see had did gave went saw

Verb tenses Verbs have different tenses to show the different times when an action has happened. Today, you will learn how verbs change to form tenses. Present continuous … shows an action that’s happening right now in the present. We are eating breakfast. It can also be used for future plans and arrangements. Lily is coming tomorrow. To form the present continuous, use the present simple or the verb be (‘am’, ‘are’, or ‘is’) plus the present participle of the main verb in the sentence. Coco is sleeping. What’s the present participle? A verb form that’s used to make some tenses. It’s formed by adding ‘ing’ to the infinitive. For example, the verbs ‘play’ and ‘fly’ become ‘playing’ and ‘flying’.

Verb Phrases • Example: I am working. He has been trying to get started. His brother had been planning to buy the company but was stopped at the last minute. TASK: Look at the examples above and with a partner try to write a definition for a verb phrase.

Verb Phrases… Are groups of words that function as a verb. They can contain a helping word plus participle, as well as the infinitive verb form. A verb phrase can be short or long. Exercise: Complete Knowledge Quest p. 71 – Verb Phrases

What’s a participle? What’s the infinitive form? Look at the following charts. Write down 15 examples of verbs Ø 5 in the infinitive form Ø 5 in the present participle form Ø 5 in the past participle form

Regular Verbs: Verb Simple Present Simple Past Participle Present Participle Infinitive giggle(s) giggled giggling to giggle help(s) helped helping to help jump(s) jumped jumping to jump

Irregular Verbs: Verb Simple Present Simple Past Participle Present Participle Infinitive bring(s) brought bringing to bring(s) rang rung ringing to ring sing(s) sang sung singing to sing swim(s) swam swum swimming to swim

Verbs can have as many as four parts. When you form multipart verbs, you use a combination of auxiliary verbs and participles. Look at the examples below: 1. Our pet alligator ate Mrs. Olsen's poodle. Ate = simple past tense [no participle]. 2. With a broom, Mrs. Olsen was beating our alligator over the head in an attempt to retrieve her poodle. Was = auxiliary verb; beating = present participle. 3. Our pet alligator has been stalking neighborhood pets because my brother Billy forgets to feed the poor reptile. Has = auxiliary verb; been = past participle; stalking = present participle. 4. Our pet alligator should have been eating Gator Chow, crunchy nuggets that Billy leaves for him in a bowl. Should, have = auxiliary verbs; been = past participle; eating = present participle.

Noun Phrases: A noun phrase is a group of words that functions as a noun. The glistening snow covered the field. Lisa gave the little boy a candy. Noun phrases in apposition: Scuba diving, a popular sport, is sometimes dangerous because of sharks Adjectival Phrase: I saw the girl in the red dress. It was cold, bleak, biting weather Verb Phrases: His brother had been planning to buy the company but was stopped at the last minute. Adverbial Phrases: She sang at the concert. She went to the movie every month.

Examples of Adjectival Phrases – can you find them? 1. The extremely tired lioness is losing patience with her overly enthusiastic cub. 2. My mother was fairly unhappy with the service. 3. Her baking always smells very tempting. 4. The dog covered in mud looked pleased with himself

Answers 1. The extremely tired lioness is losing patience with her overly enthusiastic cub. 2. My mother was fairly unhappy with the service. 3. Her baking always smells very tempting. 4. The dog covered in mud looked pleased with himself.

What’s the difference between Adjective Phrases and Clauses? 1. Adjective Clause: The girl who is running is my best friend. 2. Adjective Phrase: The girl running is my best friend. 1. Adjective Clause: His share of the money, which consists of $100, 000, was given to him on Monday. 2. Adjective Phrase: His share of the money, consisting of $100, 000, was given to him on Monday. 1. Adjective Clause: Something that smells bad may be rotten. 2. Adjective Phrase: Something smelling bad may be rotten.

More examples of Adjective Clauses – can you find them? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Pizza, which most people love, is not very healthy. The people whose names are on the list will go to camp. Grandpa remembers the old days when there was no television. Fruit that is grown organically is expensive. Students who are intelligent get good grades. Eco-friendly cars that run on electricity save gas. I know someone whose father served in World War II. Making noise when he eats is the main reason why Sue does not like to eat with her brother. The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat. I enjoy telling people about Janet Evanovich whose latest book was fantastic. The people waiting all night outside the Apple store are trying to purchase a new i. Phone. "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead. " - Albert Einstein “Those who do not complain are never pitied. ” - Jane Austen “People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid. ” - Søren Kierkegaard 15. “Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. ” - Erma Bombeck

Writing Task • In your Produce booklet, write 300 words recounting your childhood showing your understanding of verb, adjective and adverbial phrases. Try to include as many noun phrases as you can too!