What is Ethics Ethics is our continuous search

What is Ethics? Ethics is our continuous search for an answer: Is this behavior right or wrong? 1 -1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -1

When Did This Search Start? It all started when man moved into living within communities (the beginning of civilization) 1 -2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -2

When Did This Search Start? Man moved from caves to built houses Is it right to take a house some one else has built? 1 -3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -3

When Did This Search Start? If not ! Would it be right if I kill the man first then take the house? 1 -4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -4

When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house… can I walk into the house and take the food they have inside it? 1 -5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -5

When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not take the food… can I walk into the house without the owner’s permission and just sit in there? 1 -6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -6

When Did This Search Start? OK ! I will not kill the man and will not take the house and will not take the food and will not walk into the house… can I just stand at the window and look at the people inside the house? 1 -7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -7

When will this Search End? As long as there are new behaviors, the search for right and wrong behavior will continue 1 -8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -8

Why Ethics in IT? IT brings new inventions like: www Emails Facebook Cell phone 1 -9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -9

Why Ethics in IT? New inventions bring new behaviors: Porn web sites Spam Emails Facebook privacy Cell phone eavesdropping 1 -10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -10

What are the Basis for Ethics? This is a search for an ethical theory 1 -11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -11

What are the Basis for Ethics? behavior Ethical theory Right / wrong ? right wrong 1 -12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -12

Where is the Problem? behavior Ethical theory Right / wrong ? right wrong 1 -13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -13

Where is the Problem? Finding a universal ethical theory Ethical theory behavior Right / wrong ? right wrong 1 -14 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -14

What is Ethics? • Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you? " Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. ” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -15 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -15

What is Ethics? • Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you? " Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. ” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. ” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -16

What is Ethics? • Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you? " Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. ” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. ” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires. ” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -17

What is Ethics? • Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you? " Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. ” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. ” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires. ” "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. ” Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -18 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -18

What is Ethics? • Some years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you? " Among their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. ” "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. ” "Being ethical is doing what the law requires. ” "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. ” "I don't know what the word means. " Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -19

Feelings about what is right & wrong • But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. • Should a Muslim girl cover hair? Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -20 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -20

Feelings about what is right & wrong • But being ethical is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical. • Should a Muslim girl cover hair? • Should a Muslim girl cheat in an exam? Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -21 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -21

Religious Beliefs • Most religions, of course, advocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. • But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the saint. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior. • Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -22 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -22

Following the Law • Being ethical is also not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. • But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. • America’s pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of South Africa are obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -23 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -23

Acceptable to Society • Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing "whatever society accepts. " In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. • But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. • Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society. Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer 1 -24 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -24

Why IT Students Study Ethics? • The discipline of information technology is providing a continuous flow of innovations. • With IT innovations come user utilization of the innovations (a new behavior). 1 -25 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -25

Why IT Students Study Ethics? Are all of our behaviors while utilizing IT innovations ethical? 1 -26 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -26

Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about e-business fraud? 1 -27 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -27

Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about software copying? 1 -28 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -28

Why IT Students Study Ethics? How about invasion of privacy? 1 -29 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -29

Organization of Chapter 1 • Dynamics between people and technology • Milestones in computing • Milestones in networking 1 -30 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -30

Technology and Socities • Dynamics between people and technology – A society adopts a technological innovation – The innovation changes the society – The society drives the need for more innovations IT adoption IT Innovation Societal Changes 1 -31 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -31

Controlling Innovation Rate • People can influence innovation rate – Intellectual property laws – Tax structure – Research funds IT adoption innovation time IT Innovation Societal Changes 1 -32 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -32

Controlling Adoption Rate • People can influence adoption rate – Nuclear power freezes in Japan – Nuclear power advances in Jordan adoption IT adoption time IT Innovation Societal Changes 1 -33 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -33

Effect on Society adoption time IT adoption innovation Right utilization wrong utilization time IT Innovation Societal Changes 1 -34 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -34

Milestones in Computing • • • Aids to manual calculating Mechanical calculators Cash register Punched card tabulation First commercial computers Programming languages and time-sharing Transistor and integrated circuit Microprocessor Personal computer 1 -35 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -35

Aids to Manual Calculating • Tablet – Clay, wax tablets (ancient times) – Slates (late Middle Ages) – Paper tablets (19 th century) • Abacus – Rods or wires in rectangular frame – Lines drawn on a counting board • Mathematical tables – Tables of logarithms (17 th century) – Income tax tables (today) 1 -36 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -36

Abacus 1 -37 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -37

Logarithm Table 1 -38 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -38

Early Mechanical Calculators • Calculators of Pascal and Leibniz (17 th century) – Worked with whole numbers – Unreliable • Arithmometer of de Colmar (19 th century) – Took advantage of advances in machine tools – Adopted by insurance companies • Printing calculator of Scheutzes (19 th century) – Used method of differences pioneered by Babbage – Adopted by Dudley Observatory in New York – Completed astronomical calculations 1 -39 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -39

Pascal Calculator 1 -40 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -40

Leibniz Calculator 1 -41 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -41

Arithmometer of de Colmar 1 -42 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -42

Printing calculator of Scheutzes 1 -43 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -43

Late 19 th century America (Gilded Age) • Brought huge social change – Rapid industrialization – Economic expansion – Concentration of corporate power • New, larger corporations – Multiple layers of management – Multiple locations – Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and affordable information 1 -44 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -44

Social Change Market for Calculators Market for calculator Gilded age 1 -45 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -45

Calculator Adoptions • Fierce competition in calculator market – Continuous improvements in size, speed, ease of use – Sales increased rapidly 1 -46 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -46

Calculator Adoptions calculator adoption Societal Changes 1 -47 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -47

Calculator Adoptions Social Change “Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping – People of average ability quite productive – Calculators 6 faster than adding by hand – Wages dropped – Women replaced men 1 -48 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -48

Cash Register • Store owners of late 1800 s faced problems – Keeping accurate sales records for department stores – Preventing steeling (by workers) • Response to problem: invention of cash register 1 -49 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -49

Cash Register • invention of cash register – Created printed, itemized receipts – Maintained printed log of transactions – Rang bell every time drawer was opened 1 -50 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -50

Data-processing Systems • Data-processing system – Receives input data – Performs one or more calculations – Produces output data • Punched cards – Stored input data and intermediate results – Stored output – Stored programs on most complicated systems 1 -51 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -51

First Commercial Computers • Remington-Rand – Completed UNIVAC in 1951 – Delivered to U. S. Bureau of the Census • IBM – – Larger base of customers Far superior sales and marketing organization Greater investment in research and development Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960 s 1 -52 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -52

Programming Languages • Assembly language – Symbolic representations of machine instructions – Programs just as long as machine language programs • FORTRAN – First higher-level language (shorter programs) – Designed for scientific applications • COBOL – U. S. Department of Defense standard – Designed for business applications 1 -53 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -53

Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC • Time-Sharing Systems – – Divide computer time among multiple users Users connect to computer via terminals Cost of ownership spread among more people Gave many more people access to computers • BASIC – Developed at Dartmouth College – Simple, easy-to-learn programming language – Popular language for teaching programming 1 -54 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -54

Transistor • Replacement for vacuum tube • Invented at Bell Labs (1948) • Semiconductor – Faster – Cheaper – More reliable – More energy-efficient 1 -55 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -55

Integrated Circuit • Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors • Invented at Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas Instruments • Advantages over parts they replaced – – Smaller Faster More reliable Less expensive 1 -56 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -56

Microprocessor • Computer inside a single semiconductor chip • Invented in 1970 at Intel • Made personal computers practical 1 -57 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -57

Personal Computer • Altair 8800 – Gates and Allen created BASIC interpreter – Interpreter pirated at Homebrew Computer Club meeting • Personal computers become popular – Apple Computer: Apple II – Tandy Corporation: TRS 80 • Developments draw businesses to personal computers – Computer spreadsheet program: Visi. Calc – IBM launches IBM PC 1 -58 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -58

Milestones in Networking • Discoveries in electromagnetism (early 1800 s) • Telegraph (1844) • Telephone (1876) • Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908) • Radio (1895) • Television (1927) 1 -59 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -59

Milestones in Networking (1/2) • • • Remote computing (1940) ARPANET (1969) Email (1972) Internet (1983) NSFNET Broadband 1 -60 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -60

Electricity and Electromagnetism • Volta invents battery (1799) • Oersted shows electricity creates magnetic field (1820) • Sturgeon constructs electromagnet (1825) • Henry uses electromagnetism to communicate (1830) 1 -61 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -61

Telegraph (1844) • U. S. government funded first line – 40 miles from Washington, D. C. to Baltimore – Built by Samuel Morse in 1843 -1844 • Private networks flourished – 12, 000 miles of lines in 1850 – Transcontinental line in 1861 put Pony Express out of business – 200, 000 miles of lines by 1877 • Technology proved versatile – Fire alarm boxes – Police call boxes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -62

Telephone (1876) • Alexander Graham Bell (1847 -1922) – Constructed harmonic telegraph – Leveraged concept into first telephone • Social impact of telephone – – Blurred public life / private life boundary Eroded traditional social hierarchies Reduced privacy Enabled first “online” communities 1 -63 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -63

Typewriter and Teletype • Typewriter (1873) – Individual production of “type set” documents – Common in offices by 1890 s • Teletype (1908) – Typewriter connected to telegraph line – Popular uses • Transmitting news stories • Sending records of stock transactions 1 -64 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -64

Radio (1895) • Pioneers – Hertz creates electromagnetic waves – Marconi invents radio • First used in business – Wireless telegraph – Transmit voices • Entertainment uses – Suggested by Sarnoff – Important entertainment medium by 1930 s 1 -65 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -65

Television (1927) • Became popular in 1950 s – Price fell dramatically – Number of stations increased • Social effects – Worldwide audiences – Networks strive to be first to deliver news – Impact of incorrect information; e. g. , 2000 presidential election 1 -66 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -66

ARPANET (1969) • Do. D creates ARPA in late 1950 s • Decentralized design to improve survivability • Packet-switching replaces circuit switching 1 -67 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -67

Email (1972) • Creation – Tomlinson at BBN writes software to send, receive email messages – Roberts creates email utility • Current status – One of world’s most important communication technologies – Billions of messages sent in U. S. every day 1 -68 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -68

Internet (1983) • Kahn conceives of open architecture networking • Cerf and Kahn design TCP/IP protocol • Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP 1 -69 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -69

Gutenberg’s Printing Press • • Based on movable metal type Church principal customer of early publishers Powerful mass communication tool Printing press’s impact on Reformation – More than 300, 000 copies of Luther’s publications – Protestants out-published Catholics by 10 -to-1 in the middle 16 th century 1 -70 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1 -70