What is development What is development Mean and

What is development

What is development? • Mean and end We postulate that there are certain necessary conditions for intensive cereal-based transformations to occur Doward et al. 2004, pp. 80 -81

Mean and end We postulate that there are certain necessary conditions for intensive cereal-based transformations to occur Doward et al. 2004, pp. 80 -81

a. Appropriate high-yielding agricultural technologies b. Local markets offering stable output prices c. Seasonal finance for purchased inputs d. Resonalbly secure and equiatble access to land (with attractive returns for operators) e. Infrastructure to support input, output and financial markets

In sum The certain necessary pre-conditions (means) for an agricultural transformation = an agricultural transformation (goal)

How we would like it to be AND lead to • Sustainable • Democratic • Inclusive • Equal Etc.

Economic historical perspectiv • Goal: Sustained increase in material wealth • Lesson I: No April Rose and not a single path • Lesson II: Policies do not always lead to intended outcomes • Example: Europe/Japan and colonialism, America/Australia and the indigenous populations • Process of change is seldom a win-win situation

Economic historical perspectives • A materialistic perspective • Long-term changes (or, ’What has been the impact of the French Revolution? ’)

What can an economic historian do • A lot! – The rise and fall of societies, explaing development success/failures, understanding the mechanisms of inequality, study changes in gender and class relations etc. .

Example of questions • Why did England not China industrialise in the early 18 th century • What is the legacy of colonialism for economic development in Africa and Asia? • Why did Sri Lanka become the most gender equal society in Asia? • Why is Latin America characterised by high income inequality levels?