What is Christianity n A diverse 2000 year

What is Christianity? n A diverse, 2000 year old religion followed by almost one third of the world’s population! n Based on the life, teachings, death and resurrection of a first century Jew known as Jesus, believed to be the Christ (messiah, savior) by his followers (thus called “Christians”)

Who was the historical Jesus? n Born, bred, lived, and died a Jew in first century Roman occupied Palestine n Around age 30, took on a mission of preaching, teaching, and healing as an itinerant teacher n Had a following of 12 primary disciples and countless multitudes attracted by his miracles and words of wisdom n A political threat to Roman and Jewish authorities, was put to death through torturous crucifixion (a Roman punishment)

Jesus of Nazareth l l l ≈4 BC – 33 AD Jewish teacher and reformer who became the focus of the new religion of Christianity Prophet? Messiah? Mortal man? Son of God?

What did Jesus really look like?

Historic Crucifixion

What did Jesus do & teach? n A story telling teacher who taught through parables about n n the Kingdom of God (“the Kingdom of God is like…”) A miracle worker and faith healer (“your faith has made you whole”) A religious and social reformer (love and the spirit of the law, over the letter of the law) Preaching forgiveness of sin over punishment for sin Inspirational words of wisdom: The “Sermon on the Mount” n The “Greatest commandment”: Love God and love others as you love yourself n The “Golden Rule”: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you n The “Lord’s Prayer” (“Our Father who art in heaven…”) n

The Christian Bible Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) n New Testament (written after Jesus’ death, by his followers, during the first century; not canonized until the 4 th century) n Four gospels (“good words”) about the birth, life, teaching, n acts, death, and resurrection of Jesus n The Book of Acts of the apostles – earliest history of the developing church n Epistles (“letters”) of Paul and other evangelists addressed to the churches they founded and led throughout the Mediterranean n The Book of Revelation – a vision of the future, the ultimate destiny of mankind, the culmination of God’s plan for humanity

St. Peter 1 – 64 AD l Fisherman turned apostle of Jesus l Crucified under Nero as part of the emperor’s campaign to blame Christians for the fire that destroyed part of Rome l

Peter took Christianity to the city of Rome itself, becoming the first Pope

St. Paul was the first to take Christianity out of Israel and to open the religion to non-Jews

What do Christians believe? – “Who do men say that I am? ” n The “Christ” - born of a virgin in fulfillment of Jewish n n n messianic expectation to be “king of the Jews” The “Son of God” – fully divine and fully human The savior of humanity – saving us from sin through his sacrifice on the cross Risen from the dead (resurrection) “on the third day” – overcoming death so that we too may have “eternal life” Ascended into heaven, residing with God “the father” to intervene on our behalf Will come again at the “end of days” to judge the living and the dead

The Holy Trinity n God the Father residing in heaven (same God worshiped by Jews and Muslims) n God the Son (Jesus, the Christ) who “came down from heaven” to dwell among us, as one of us n God the Holy Spirit (“Holy Ghost”) n The spirit of God residing within everyone who accepts the sacrifice of Christ and thus becomes a Christian Communion with God the Father is through the Son and the Holy Spirit

What else do Christians believe? n Original sin: all humanity is inherently separated from God n The sacrifice of Jesus – a sinless representative of humanity (a “scapegoat”) - as the ultimate atonement for the sins of humanity n Heaven and Hell: Eternal life for those who are “saved by the blood of the lamb (Jesus)” n Eternal damnation for those who are not so saved n

Who are Christians? n The Eastern church: Orthodox Christianity n Greek, Russian, Coptic, and other national churches of Eastern Europe, North Africa, and Asia n The Western church: Roman Catholicism n unified under the Pope (bishop of Rome) n found throughout western Europe and the Americas n Over 900 million (half of all Christians worldwide) These two original church bodies officially broke from each other in 1054 CE

What about the Protestants? n Broke from Catholic church beginning in 16 th century n Diverse church bodies, denominations, sects, and independent churches of European background: Lutheran (early 16 th century) n Church of England (Anglican, Episcopal) (16 th century) n “Reformed” churches: Presbyterian, Congregational, etc. (16 th century, based on teachings of John Calvin) n n Anabaptist and other sectarian churches break away from these original (“mainline”) churches: n Baptist, Methodist, Brethren (Puritan), Mennonite, Amish, Quaker, etc.

American born Christian groups n 19 th and 20 th century developments include: n n n Mormons (1830’s) Seventh-Day Adventist (1840’s) Christian Science and Unity (1880’s) Jehovah’s Witness (20 th century) Evangelicals and Pentecostals (20 th century) Unification Church (20 th century, Korean origin) n Some newer sectarian churches are sometimes considered to be “cults” by “mainstream” Christians n Also: independent, non-denominational churches (generally modeled after Protestant belief and practice)

How do Christians practice their faith? n n Sacraments: 1. Baptism 2. Communion (Eucharist, Mass, the Lord’s Supper) 3. Confirmation 4. Confession of sins, penance, atonement 5. Marriage (“Holy Matrimony”) 6. Ordination (“Holy Orders”) 7. Healing (anointing, “Holy Unction”, “Last rites”) Sabbath celebrated on Sunday with prayer, scripture readings, singing of hymns, a sermon or lesson from the pastor/minister/priest, recitation of creedal statement, confession of sins, communion (format varies from church to church)

What are some Christian holy days? Two major seasons in the Christian calendar: n Christmas – celebrating the birth of Jesus (although the birth probably took place in the spring, the holiday was moved to coincide with the Roman celebration of the winter solstice, for the protection of early Christians) n Easter – commemorating the resurrection of Christ

Christianity spread quickly because it was open to anyone, offered a message of forgiveness, & offered life after death