What is breeding People are not BRED Animals

What is breeding? ? • People are not “BRED” …. Animals and Plants are BRED!

APPLIED GENETICS • To apply something means that after you have knowledge of the topic…you actually • USE the knowledge. . in your everyday life. Page 1

How do humans “Use” our knowledge of genetics? • In applied genetics , humans take our knowledge of • heredity/genes and apply it to certain industries such as • Agriculture (farming) and also to the Medical field. Page 1

SELECTIVE BREEDING/ ”Artificial selection” Page 1

Page 1 • Selective Breeding • ****This is a process where a carefully SELECTS or chooses which animals and plants to breed with one another. (a human activity) breeder

Cows • Cows have been Selectively Bred to produce more MILK and MEAT. • (ARTIFICIAL SELECTION) Moo!

A news release about production of farm-raised salmon contains the following information: • The program is mating targeted fish to concentrate key traits in Atlantic salmon stocks. • The three-year process includes spawning, tagging, and choice of parent fish. The fish are weighed, measured, and monitored to identify those with the best growth rates. • The project examines the performance of fish to determine which fish to use to produce the next generation. • These statements indicate that the producers are attempting to improve salmon through the use of (1) genetic engineering breeding (2) homeostatic feedback selection (3) selective (4) natural

Page 1 What is the point of selective breeding? • To produce offspring that have DESIRABLE TRAITS.

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

2 different selective breeding types: • 2) Other times we want to produce a • NEW type of breed or species. This practice is called • CROSS-BREEDING

Cheetahs are INBREEDING due to a low population. There a LACK of mates. This INBREEDING is leading to a LOW GENETIC DIVERSITY!!

CROSS-BREEDING LABRADOR Retreiver POODLE Labradoodle

If the parents who are bred together are from 2 different species, we will call the new offspring a • HYBRID • We get the hybrid vegetable… • BROCCOFLOWER • What is broccoflower? • 1/2 broccoli • 1/2 cauliflower

NECTARINE(a hybrid produced through crossbreeding)

This CAN NOT HAPPEN!

This CAN HAPPEN!

This CAN HAPPEN!

INBREEDING

HYBRIDS? ? ? ? ? BIRD-DOG

Selective Breeding Page 2

PAGE 2 SELECTIVE BREEDING

ALL of these plants were “created” by the SELECTIVE BREEDING of one original plant, the WILD MUSTARD!! SELECTIVE BREEDING is considered APPLIED GENETICS, but it does NOT require any advanced technology like we will see with GENETIC ENGINEERING!!

Page 3

Farmers CROSSED pollen(sperm) and eggs from different, closely related plants to SELECTIVELY BREED new varieties over many generations!

Crossbreeding Can not produce hybrids that come from 2 very different parents!!!

SELECTIVE BREEDING GENETIC “STEW”

Problems: ØDecreases variation Examples of problems in purebred dogs: • Boxers – Heart Problems • Dalmatians – Deafness • Dachshunds – Back Problems • Golden Retrievers – Hip and Elbow Displasia • Pugs – Skin Problems