What is barley In the beginning there was

What is barley?

In the beginning there was Hordeum spontaneum Now there is …. . . Hordeum vulgare* 2 n = 2 x = 14 5. 3 Gbp ~ 30, 000 genes Self-pollinated (hermaphroditic) * Technically speaking spontaneum and vulgare both subspecies of H. vulgare

Center of origin and domestication

Domestication traits Spontaneum Vulgare Shattering (brittle rachis) Shattering resistant (non-brittle rachis) 2 -row, 6 -row Adhering hulls Adhering, non-adhering (naked) Winter annual Winter, facultative, and spring annual Apparent diversity Actual diversity

Domestication and evolutionary bottlenecks Apparent diversity Actual diversity The imperative for conservation and characterization of genetic resources

The domestication traits, the genes, and the mechanisms Locus/alleles Phenotype Mechanism Btr 1, Btr 2 Shattering/retention Loss of function deletions Vrs 1 2 -row/6 -row Loss of function deletions Nud Hull adherence Loss of function deletions Vrn 1, Vrn 2, Vrn 3 Growth habit Loss of function deletions Ppd 1, Ppd 2 Loss of function deletions Photoperiod sensitivity

Inflorescence type • 2 -row vs. 6 -row • 1 gene/30, 000 genes

Covered vs. Naked • 1 gene/30, 000 genes

Growth Habit winter, facultative and spring 3+ genes/30, 000 genes

Growth habit and allied traits Low temperature tolerance Vernalization sensitivity Photoperiod sensitivity (short day) Winter Facultative Spring Yes No No Varies Yes Varies

Facultative growth habit Flexibility! Fall planting Cold tolerance on demand Spring planting Cold tolerance not needed

Why barley? Beverage, food, feed

Beverage The transformative power of malting Steeping, Germination, Kilning Time (~1 week) temperature (50 o – 350 o) Moisture (10% – 50%)

Barley malt • The base of beer and spirits • Culinary uses • The economic driver of barley

Barley malt and beer styles • All-malt beers • Reinheitsgebot compliant beers • Most US craft beers • Brewing with adjuncts • American standard lager • Happoshu • Beer of the Third Kind

Barley malt specifications: • Starch-related: Malt extract • Enzyme-related: Diastatic power • “Modification” - Not too low, not too high…

Malt quality parameters: Buck Full Pint Copeland naked winter 6 -row - taste the malt covered spring 2 -row - taste the beer covered spring 2 -row - the ace of base malts

One variety: Many Malts Time, temperature, moisture

Food barley • Symptoms: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity • Part of the problem: Diets low in fiber, high in refined grains, sugars, and saturated fats • Part of the solution: Barley - a rich source of soluble fiber

Food barley Soluble dietary fiber • Normal (~5%) vs. High (~15%) beta glucan • Is high better? • 1 serving “normal” = RDA • Whole grain nutrition vs. beta glucan extraction

Food barley in the world and the US • Culinary traditions in Himalayas, North Africa, Andes • Health and satiety

Local food barley # STRKR (Streaker) • First Alternative Coop • Barley scones at OSU UHDS

Feed Barley • Greatest usage, worldwide • Feeding value (and price) corn discount • Nutritional needs of ruminants, nonruminants, and poultry • The role of the hull - ~ 12% of yield

Feed barley or Malt barley? The dogma: “A good malt barley is good feed barley, but not the reverse” The (crafty) truth: “With changes in malting protocol a feed barley can be an excellent malt barley”

Feed (Forage) Barley • Hooded barley • hoods, rather than awns • usually cut green for hay or silage

Barley: History – Explains the Present 1 mile per year (? )

Migration and specialization Europe Beer • Hulls, spring growth habit, 2 -row Feed (food and some beer) • Hulls, spring/winter/facultative, 6 -row “The decree known as the Reinheitsgebot, issued in Ingolstadt in 1516, had three aims: to protect drinkers from high prices; to ban the use of wheat in beer so more bread could be made; and to stop unscrupulous brewers from adding dubious toxic and even hallucinogenic ingredients as preservatives or flavourings. ”

Migration and specialization North Africa/Iberian peninsula – feed/food • Hulls, winter/facultative growth habit, 6 -row

Migration and specialization “Barley helped ancient Tibetans climb to 3400 meters”

Maximum nutrition and return The hull Insoluble fiber Naked, spring growth habit 2 -row, 6 -row

Migration and specialization Americas (17 th century - ) North and Meso • Hulls, spring growth habit, 2 -row malt –Europe • Hulls, spring growth habit, 6 -row malt – Europe/Asia • Hulls, spring/winter/facultative 6 -row feed – Iberian peninsula/North Africa

Migration and specialization Americas (17 th century - ) South • Southern cone: Hulls, spring growth habit, 2 -row malt – Europe • Andes: Naked, spring growth habit, 2, 6 -row food

Migration and specialization Australia/ New Zealand (18 th century - ) • Hulls, spring growth habit, 2 -row malt – Europe

Migration and specialization Central and East Asia • Hulls, spring growth habit, 2 -row malt –Europe

Barley and $

Barley – world’s 4 th most important cereal crop In the US……

Barley: Production considerations

Supply: • 1 seed becomes 50 - 100 seeds • 100 lbs becomes 5, 000 – 10, 000 lbs Demand: • $130/ton feed • $ 1. 5 X – 3 X feed for malt or organic feed • Food barley $ = wheat $ (? )

Equipment scales • Garden • Research • Commercial

Raising barley – from seed to seed • Variety choice • Planting • Management • Harvest • Storage • End use

Varieties • Self-pollinated • Breed true • Growth habit • Winter, spring, facultative • Seed source • Certified, farmer-farmer, saved • Ownership • Public, Plant Variety Protection, licensed, patented

Planting • How • Broadcast, drill • Seedbed preparation • Tillage, minimum-tillage, no-tillage • Seeding rate • Lbs/acre; seeds/square foot • Seeding date • Growth habit

Management Organic/Conventional • Weeds • Diseases • Insects • Nutrition

Harvest Cutting • Hand tools • Mowers • Binders Threshing • Abrasion • Mechanical threshers Cleaning • De-bearding • Removing chaff • Removing other seeds

Harvest Combine • Plot • Small • Standard Cleaning • De-bearding • Removing chaff • Removing other seeds

Storage • Moisture • Insects • Rodents • Fungi

Marketing • Open • Contract • Specifications

OSU Breeding and Research Objectives • 2 -row malt; 2 -row and 6 -row food; IMI-tolerant feed • Facultative growth habit • Quality • Biotic and abiotic stress resistance • Product development

The OSU Barley Project Crossing Doubled haploids Genetics and Breeding Publication, Variety/Germplasm release Herb, D. W. , et al. 2017. Malt modification and its effects on the contributions of barley genotype to beer. flavor. J. Amer. Soc. Brew. Chem. 75: 345 -353

Malting barley variety development Grain to Glass 11 – 13 years Time frame (yrs) Activity 2 -3 Breeding and selection; initial agronomic assessment • Segregating generations • Doubled haploid populations 3 -4 Preliminary to advanced agronomic testing and micro-malting of samples from multiple environments 3 AMBA Pilot Scale Test must be rated satisfactory in 2/3 years of testing AMBA Plant Scale malting and brewing trials 3 must be rated satisfactory in 3/3 brewing trials Amount of seed required for Amounts of seed available and scale one malting quality assessment 0 0 g – 1 kg for breeding 200 grams 1 kg – 20 kg for breeding 7 kilograms/ program and extension programs 20 kg – 100 kg for breeding 2 locations and extension programs. Initiate large-scale increase of pure seed for commercial scale quality assessment and variety release 800 Large volumes for onfarm testing and commercial scale malting and brewing location metric tons

Why Barley for Oregon? • Diversify • New products • Rotation • Craft brewers and distillers • Whole grains • Full spectrum local supply • Ideal barley growing areas

Recent OSU varieties Alba: 6 -row winter. Feed/Malt. Covered. Public.

Recent OSU varieties Buck: 6 -row winter. Food/Malt. Naked. Public.

Recent OSU varieties Full Pint: 2 -row spring. Covered. Public. Gold Rush Malting, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Corvallis Brewing Supply

Upcoming OSU varieties 10. 0777: 2 -row winter. Covered. Non-exclusive License. AMBA Plant Scale – year 1.

Facultative and winter 2 -row malting barley American Malting Barley Association Pilot Selection 10. 0777 DH 130939 DH 120304 DH 130910 DH 140088 DH 131679 DH 140963 Pedigree Row type Wintmalt/Charles 2 Full Pint/Violetta 2 Maris Otter/Full Pint 2 TC 6 W 265/Herz 29494//2991 2 Violetta/Charles//Full Pint 2 Full Pint/Violetta 2 04_028_36/Archer 2 Growth habit EPH AMBA current status 2018 Winter Facultative Winter Plant Scale Year 1 ongoing Pilot year 2 submission Pilot year 1 submission Pilot prospect Producer Non-producer Producer No data

The Next Pint Project Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Full Pint, and on to the Next Pint

The Barley World malt house http: //barleyworld. org/malt-house

Is it time for barley to go naked after 10, 000 years? Multi-use naked barley for malt/food/feed USDA NIFA-OREI Breeders, growers, chefs, food processors, maltsters, brewers and distillers from around the US

Crossing, selection (phenotypic, genetic/genomic), mutants, GMOs, and CRISPR Golden Promise (gamma irradiation of Maythorpe, ari-e, 1968) LOX DMS Mechanism Loss of function deletions

Grow your own barley?

Hands on with barley Grow your own malt: Full Pint Territorial Seed: http: //www. territorialseed. com/product/full-pint-barley-grainsseed/grains

Hands on with barley Make your own malt and beer “Kitchen counter” malting: Lots of online resources. For example…Beer. Smith: http: //beersmith. com/blog/2009/12/05/malting-barley-grain-athome/ Malt analysis at Hartwick Center for Craft Food and Beverage: https: //www. hartwick. edu/about-us/centersinstitutes/center-for-craft-food-and-beverage/malt-qualitytesting/ Homebrewing recipes: Joel Rea and crew at Corvallis Brewing Supply, Downtown Corvallis

Hands on with barley Select your own naked variety: The Oregon Naked Barley Blend (ONBB-753)

Thanks! The Oregon Barley Project crew – past and present http: //barleyworld. org/ Brought to you by Federal and state tax dollars, American Malting Barley Association, Brewers Association, Flavor-Pack, Great Western Malting, Mecca Grade Estate Malt, Oregon Wheat Commission, , USDA-ARS-NACAs, USDA-NIFA-OREI, USDA-USWBSI, Western Rivers Conservancy