What is AI Copyright 2008 by Helene G

What is AI? AI = Artificial Intelligence Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI? n Turing Test n Believed a machine would be considered intelligent if it passed a test of intelligence based on comparing it to a person. n Turing Test n n A person (“judge”) would ask questions via a computer terminal of two “entities. ” One entity would be a human, the other a machine/computer. “If the judge regularly failed to correctly distinguish the computer from the human, then the computer was said to have passed the test. ” * *© István S. N. Berkeley Ph. D. 1997. Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI? n n n In the 1950 s, scientists thought artificially intelligent machines were just around the corner. Clearly R 2 D 2 & C 3 PO have yet to arrive. Computers are very good at following rules n n These rules can include “rules of thumb” called heuristics Good at playing games, Chess, GO n n n So good in fact that in 1997, Deep Blue a computer chess program won a series of chess games against the human world champion of chess Gary Kasparov Largely used brute force Not only games have rules Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI? n What else has rules? n Grammar n Spelling n Some Medical diagnosis n n n Drug interactions Blood tests Certain common illnesses Spam filters Web searches Programs to catch “cheaters” in school such as “Turn. It. In” and “Moss” Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI? n Expert Systems n Software that attempts to duplicate the ways in which professionals make decisions are called expert systems. n An expert is a specialist in a specific, often narrow field who has gained an incredible amount of knowledge about this narrow field n n n A surgeon who specializes in sports medicine National expert in the US Tax Code A group of oncologists specializing in drug side effects Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

Expert Systems n n n n Easy. Diagnosis – provides online analysis of important medical symptoms in a user-friendly format. http: //easydiagnosis. com/ CADUCEUS (expert system) - Blood-borne infectious bacteria Dendral - Analysis of mass spectra Dipmeter Advisor - Analysis of data gathered during oil exploration Mycin - Diagnose infectious blood diseases and recommend antibiotics (by Stanford University) R 1 (expert system)/ - Order processing SHINE Real-time Expert System - Spacecraft Health INference Engine STD Wizard - Expert system for recommending medical screening tests * http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Expert_system Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI? n What about common sense? n n n Computers are TERRIBLE at this! Humans are awesome at this. Common sense requires “rules of thumb” (Heuristics) for ordinary things. n n n Talking and chewing gum at the same time What is time? Where we are in “space” in relation to other objects The nature of physical object n How not to crush a light bulb n How objects interact How people interact Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner

What is AI n CYC and Doug Lenat n En. CYClopedia of everyday rules of how the world works n Applications to everything n n n Military Medical Transportation system n Air traffic control Incredibly complex and difficult Ongoing project by CYCorp Copyright © 2008 by Helene G. Kershner